Microwave Motion Detector

Microwave Motion Detector CHAPTER NO: 1 MICROWAVE MOTION DETECTOR (MMD) 1.1 INTRODUCTION: â€Å"The Microwave Motion Detector (MMD) is a true microwave Doppler transmitter and receiver, solves difficult detection problems easily with the microwave motion detector, senses any moving body be it a person, animal, car, bicycle or extra-terrestrial.† 1.2 WHY MICROWAVE MOTION DETECTOR: Understanding basic home security best practices could mean the difference between keeping your home safe and becoming the victim of a break-in. Start protecting your home better by exploring our Home Security Basics section which provides a good foundation of knowledge on everything from security cameras to outdoor lighting options that help prevent break-ins before they happen. I the light of above detail we have a requirement of autonomous microwave motion detector to prevent our assets from terrorism and any other type damage or robbery. 1.3 PROJECT GOAL: The major goal of this project is to design an autonomous Motion Detection setup, that will be able to sense the motion of any moving object (person, car bicycle or extra-terrestrial) in the designated area or designated range. In our project we have used different type of small size electronics (Diodes, Transistors, FETs, Resistor, Capacitors and Operational Amplifiers) to complete the setup and to make a smart and precise design of MMD. 1.4 PRINCIPLE OF MICROWAVE MOTION DETECTOR: The system emits microwave energy that completely fills its area of detection, much like ultrasonic sensors. A Gunn diode emits energy in the x-range, similar in effect to Doppler frequency shifts. Any disturbance caused by movement within the field of detection may activate the alarm system/Buzzer. Despite fears held by many, these sensors do not adversely affect humans and pacemakers. 1.5 SPECIFICTION: Ø True microwave Doppler shift operation Ø Unaffected by heat, light, sound, humidity or temperature Ø A real microwave transmitter/receiver runs at 1 GHz Ø Runs on 9 to 15 volts DC ideal for car burglar alarms 1.6 REQUIREMENTS: Ø DC Voltage, (+9V to +15V). Ø Oscilloscope DC 2 to 200MHz to monitor the transmitted signal of oscillator and observe waveform of different stages of Microwave Motion Detector. Ø BNC plug to BNC plug cable 75 Ohms, 1 Meter 1.7 APPLICATIONS OF MMD: The chief applications for MMD have been given bellow. Ø Detection of unauthorized entry in our home, Offices and other restricted buildings. Ø Detection of moving object which triggers a Camera to record subsequent events or to operate a Buzzer/Alarm, LED, Laser Diode etc. Ø This relatively inexpensive and the MMD can easily be used in a variety of science projects, robots and other useful devices. 1.8 BREIF HISTORY OF MOTION DETECTION: Motion can be detected by measuring change in speed or vector of an objector objects in field of view. This can be achieved either by mechanical devices that physically, interact with the field or by electronic devices that quantify and measures changes in the given environment. 1.9 PREVIOUS METHODS OF MOTION DETECTION: Different methods of motion detection were used in past. These are given bellow. Some methods have been obsolete. Some methods are still in used. 1.9.1 MECHANICAL DEVICES: A tripwire is a simple form of motion detector. When an object steps into the tripwire s sensory field (i.e, trips the wire), then a simple sound device might alert to the user. 1.9.2 ELECTRONIC DEVICES: The principal methods by which motion can be electronically identified are optical detection an acoustical detection. Infrared light or laser technologies may be used for optical detection. Microwaves are one of the best tools for motion detection. CHAPTER NO: 2 DOPPLER THEORY AND RADIATION PATTERN 2.1 DOPPLER THEORY: The operation of the MMD is based on a physical theory known as the Doppler Effect. In its simplest form the Doppler theory states that as sound, light or even radio waves are reflected back by a moving object, the frequency of these waves will be different from the frequency when the object is stationary. As the object moves away the frequency will decrease and if the object moves toward you, the frequency will increase. This effect is demonstrated very visibly (or should we say audibly) by a train whistle passing you. This change in frequency is due to the waves being either stretched or compressed as they leave the moving object. Compressing the waves closer will have the effect of increasing the perceived frequency while stretching the waves will cause the frequency to appear lower. This is obviously not the place for an in depth discussion of Doppler theory Just be aware that it is the basis for the operation of the MMD. In fact, with an oscilloscope you can actually see this fr equency change at U1 pin 10. Another phenomenon associated with waves is called the Doppler Effect. Imagine standing near a train track, and a train approaches you with its whistle blowing. The pitch of sound waves is associated with the frequency of the wave: the higher the pitch, the higher the frequency. Thus, as the train approaches the frequency of the sound wave you hear is higher, and as it recedes the frequency is lower. This can be pictured by the following diagram. In this : 2.1 the circles represent, as viewed from above, the crests of adjacent waves. Thus, if you are standing to the right, with the wave source moving towards you, more waves reach you per second, which means that the frequency you hear is higher. Conversely, if you stand to the left, with the wave source moving away from you, fewer waves reach you per second and the frequency you hear is lower. 2.2 TYPICAL RADIATION PATTERN. The microwave motion detector circuit radiates the microwave frequency from an omni directional antenna so the radiation pattern for the electromagnetic waves is given as under. 2.3 RADIATION SAFETY Microwave radiation from the module is well below established safety standards for general public environment, like ANSI C95.1-1991 of USA and NRPB-G11 of United Kingdom. 2.4 HANDLING: The module is an electrostatic sensitive device (ESD). Precautions shall be observed for handling and assembly. Use the circuit module in an electromagnetic interference free environment to avoid errors in detection. 2.5 FUNCTIONAL IMPROVEMENT: The module can be improved to calculate the speed of the moving object. This can also be used to find the direction of the moving object; some additional circuitry is required for these functions. CHAPTER NO: 3 HARDWARE DESIGN OF MICROWAVE MOTION DETECTOR In this section it has been tried to cover hardware related topics of MMD. That is given below separately. 3.1 MMD BLOCK DIAGRAM: The block diagram of the MMD has been shown in the following The detail of block diagram has been shown in the following section. 3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM BRIEF DESCRIPTION: The MMD consists of eight (08) major blocks. Ø Power supply unit Ø Oscillator Ø Transceiver Ø Mixer Ø Buffer amplifier Ø Band pass amplifier Ø Output Drive Amplifier Ø Signal indicator/ Interfacing circuitry 3.2.1 Power Supply Unit: This unit provides required supply voltages for several circuit stages. Source required for the operation of this circuit is from +9v to +15v dc. It is responsible of biasing for all stages of the system. We can use dc battery or built in power supply for this system. This property of the system made it portable device for motion detection. 3.2.2 Oscillator: This section of the circuit produces the frequency approximately 1Ghz.Crystal oscillator is used to generate the required frequency. choice of this oscillator is due to its compact size , low cast and availability of the this component in the market. 3.2.3 Transceiver: The microwave RF energy that is developed by the oscillator is radiated in an omni-directional pattern from the antenna. Then the redirected waves are also received by the same antenna. 3.2.4 Mixer: Received frequency is mixed with the transmitted frequency. 3.2.5 Buffer Amplifier: Frequency generated by the mixer is amplified and buffered in this section of the circuit. 3.2.6 Band Pass Amplifier: Frequency filtered by the mixer is amplified and buffered in this section of the circuit. The band of frequencies passed from the stage is between 10Hz to 40Hz. 3.2.7 Output Drive Amplifier: This amplifier drives the output stage. 3.2.8 Signal Indicator/Interfacing circuits: The detected motion is indicated in the form of an LED glow or it can be interfaced with an interfacing signal that could be some alarm system, camera etc. 3.3 MMD CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: The circuit diagram has been generated in Protell / P-CAD. 3.4 PARTS LISTS: 3.4.1 CAPACITORS LIST: S.# DESCRIPTION DESIGNATOR QTY 1 0.01 uF Disk capacitor (marked .01 or 103 or 10nf) C3, C8, C15, C18 04 2 0.1 uF disk capacitor (marked .1 or 104) C11, C12, C20 03 3 2.0 pF. or 2.2 pf. disk capacitor C6, C7 02 4 22 pF. disk capacitor C5 01 5 1.0 uF electrolytic capacitor C16, C17 02 6 10.0 uF electrolytic capacitor C1, C2, C9, C10, C13, C14 06 7 220 uF electrolytic capacitor C4 01 8 1000 uF electrolytic capacitor C19 01 3.4.2 RESISTORS LIST: S.# DESCRIPTION DESIGNATOR QTY 1 220 Ohm (red-red brown) R2 01 2 470 Ohm (yellow-violet-brown) R1, R15 02 3 1K Ohm (brown-black-red) R6, R7, R11, R20 04 4 4.7K Ohm (yellow-violet-red) R12 01 5 10K Ohm (brown-black-orange) R4, R14, R16, R19, R21 05 6 47K Ohm (yellow-violet-orange) R3 01 7 100K Ohm (brown-black-yellow) R5, R17, R18 03 8 470K Ohm (yellow-violet-yellow) R13 01 9 1 Mega Ohm (brown-black-green) R9, R10 02 10 10K potentiometer R8 01 3.4.3 SEMICONDUCTORS LIST: S.# DESCRIPTION DESIGNATOR QTY 1 Diode 1SS99 (clear glass body with black and blue bands) D1 01 2 Diode 1N4148 (glass body with single black band) D2 01 3 LED D3 01 4 2N3904 NPN transistor Q1, Q2 02 5 2SC2498 or 2570 NPN UHF transistor Q3 01 6 BS170 FET transistor Q8 01 7 LM-324 op-amp U1 01 3.4.4 HARDWARE AND MISCELLANEOUS LIST: S.# DESCRIPTION DESIGNATOR QTY 1 MMD Printed Circuit Board 01 2 Connector 6 Pin J-1 01 3 Connector 2 Pin J-2 01 3.5 MMD PARTS LAYOUT COMPOMENT STUFFING GUIDE DIAGRAM: 3.6 CONSTRUCTION OF THE MMD CIRCUIT: The following steps have been taken for the construction of the MMD main circuit in the light of the PCB layout given in the previous : 3.3 1. 2. 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.6.1 Check off each step as understood and completed. Examine the parts layout diagram for parts location on the PC board. In all steps, â€Å"install† means to carefully insert the part into the correct hole, solder the leads to the PC board and trim away the excess lead wire. 3.6.2 Use good soldering techniques let your soldering iron tip heat each connection wire enough so that the wire itself and PC board circuit trace BOTH become hot enough to melt the applied solder. The solder should flow smoothly around the lead wire and PC board trace. 3.6.3 Orient the circuit board as shown in parts layout diagram. 3.6.4 Install the LED, with the longer lead towards potentiometer R8. Leave the leads about 3/4† long if you are using the MMD case. 3.6.5 Install sensitivity control R8, 10K potentiometer. R8 acts as a â€Å"volume† control, adjusting the level of Doppler shift signal being applied to amplifier and switching portions of the MMD. 3.6.6 Install J1, 6 pin connector. 3.6.7 Install C1, 10uF electrolytic capacitor. Electrolytic capacitors are polarized and must be installed correctly. Usually PC layouts will show where the + lead should go while the capacitor itself will usually indicate the lead. In any case, be sure you observe correct polarity. 3.6.8 Install Q2, 2N3904. Orient the flat side of the transistors as shown on parts layout diagram. Q2 has an interesting function, being connected as a zener diode! The reversed biased base-emitter junction on a silicon transistor behaves as a low power zener diode with a breakdown voltage in the 6 to 8 volt range. 3.6.9 Install Q1, 2N3904 Orient the flat side as shown. Q1 acts as a power supply filter and regulator for the op-amp IC chip, U1. 3.6.10 Install R1, 470 Ohm (yellow-violet-brown). 3.6.11 Install Q8, BS170 and orient the flat side as shown.Q8 is a power transistor. 3.6.12 MOSFET that controls the external load you connect to your MD3. 3.6.13 MOSFET is used since, as the load is turned on and off, a regular bipolar transistor will cause the MD3 to â€Å"see† itself. This is due to the diode switching action in a bipolar transistors base-emitter junction. 10. Install C20, .1uF capacitor (marked .1 or 104). 2.3 Power supply (General Purpose) Circuit Operation. In the above : 3.4 a preview of the main PCB have been shown. In this preview the portable battery has also been shown. 3.7 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT: The supply is provided by using a transformer with output 20v+20V, 2A leading to a distributed power supply circuit (for general purpose supply) that provides outputs +15V,-15v, +12V, +9V connected to 50Hz, 220 VAC supply mains. The power supply circuit consists of bridge rectifier that provides +20v and -20v with 2A ratings. 3.7.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT: The block diagram of the power supply unit has been shown in the following : 3.7.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT: In the following a circuit diagram of general purpose power supply has been shown in the : 3.6. The circuit diagram has been designed in the Protel Software. 3.7.3 POWER SUPPLY ASSEMBLED PCB: The preview of the assembled power supply unit has been shown in the : 3.7. 3.8 ALTERNATE PORTABLE POWER SUPPLY: An alternate supply can be used instead of a self made supply we can use a +9 Volt Battery to power up the circuit. In this circuit battery is used for simplicity. In the remote area or the area where AC power source is not available we are required to used this portable battery for a short period of time because the life of this battery is to short for proper working of MMD for a long period. CHAPTER NO: 4 ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS AND USER MANUAL 4 4.1 ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE MMD: After the stuFfing of PCB test the Microwave motion detector PCB on your workbench for the verification of the design and reliability of components used in the stuFfing of PCB. If the testing is assured to be perfect now it is the time to assemble the PCB of microwave motion detector in a casing. There are three parts of the Assembly of the microwave motion detector. Ø Composites Box Ø Power Supply PCB Ø Microwave Motion Detector PCB Ø Power ON/OFF switch Ø Motion indicator LED (Green LED) This box is made of fiber (Composites material). 4.2.1 POWER SUPPLY PCB: In the following : 4.2 assembled Power supply unit has been shown. 4.2.2 MOTION DETECTOR PCB: In the following : 4.2 assembled Main MMD PCB has been shown. Assemble the box in the following steps. Ø Mount the power supply PCB on the bottom of the box Ø Mount the Microwave Motion Detector PCB in the box Ø Mount the power switch on the box Ø Mount the indicator LED on the box at the last. Ø Final assembly is shown inn the . In the following : 4.3 assembled MMD system has been shown. The MMD has been shown in the working conditions in a room, means it is sensing the movement of a moving body and giving its response of motion sensing by glowing up the LED. 4.3 INSTRUCTION MANUAL: A switch is placed in the path of DC power so that the power can be saved in the time when the device is not in use. Turn off the switch after using the device and turn it on before using this device. The green light will glow automatically for approximately 5 seconds soon after turning on the device. This indication is not for a moving object but this light glows as a function of turning on the device. The Microwave motion detector is operated in the case where a moving object is needed to sense. In our design the circuit antenna is arranged in the position that it can sense a motion within the range of 2 meters approximately. When an object is moved within this range the motion is sensed by the design and a green light blinks on the panel of the box. This is an indication for the moving object. It can sense another motion approximately 10 seconds after the first motion is sensed. For better sensitivity this device may be used in the electromagnetic interference free environment so that the waves cannot interfere in the produced frequency of the device. Also it must be operated in the vibration free environment so that its antenna must be in static condition if it is in the vibration itself it will sense the motion when nothing is in moving condition, it is due the motion of its own antenna that the frequency is transmitted and received itself by the moving antenna and the green li ght on the panel keeps on glowing that is an operator fault and can be rectified by placing the device on a balanced plane surface. A special care for the Microwave Motion detector is that operate the circuit in the box and never use the PCB alone because this PCB needs special care for the electrostatic charge. An external supply port may be given in the box so that a regulated DC power can also be applied externally to the device. For external power be careful about the polarity of the given DC power. CHAPTER NO: 5 OPERATION OF MICROWAVE MOTION DETECTOR 5.1 WORKING PRINCPAL OF MICROWAVE MOVEMENT DETECTOR: Microwave generating and receiving module generates and transmits a microwave signal which is reflected by a moving target and received back by the module. The module comprises a disc-form Shottky diode or Gunn diode acting as both oscillator and mixer and forming part of micro strip circuitry and signal processing circuitry which processes the reflected signal to extract relevant target information. The signal processing circuitry can be physically displaced from the module and connected to it by a coaxial line. By operating the diode in the diplex mode the requisite target information can be provided for with a compact construction. A microwave movement detector comprising a microwave generating and receiving module for use in generating and transmitting a microwave signal to be intercepted and reflected by a moving target and for receiving the reflected microwave signal from said target, wherein the microwave generating and receiving module comprises micro strip circuitry in combination with a diode acting as both an oscillator and a mixer, said detector further comprising modulating means for modulating the generated microwave signal so that quantitive information as to target range, velocity and direction can be obtained, whereby the detector operates in accordance with a diplex configuration, wherein said detector includes a transmitter for transmitting the modulated generated microwave signal, and wherein the modulating means repetitively switches the transmitter of the microwave generating and receiving module between two frequencies to provide a signal having two spectral lines separated by gaps between t he frequencies. This invention relates to a microwave movement detector particularly although not exclusively for use as an intruder alarm. An object of the present invention is to provide a microwave movement detector which is sensitive and reliable in operation yet which can be constructed in a simple and inexpensive manner with a conveniently small and compact format. 5.2 GENERAL STUDY RELATED TO THE MMD: According to one aspect of the invention therefore a microwave movement detector comprises a microwave generating and receiving module for use in generating a transmitted microwave signal to be intercepted by a moving target and for receiving a reflected microwave signal from such target, in which the module comprises microstrip circuitry in combination with a Shottky diode arranged to act both as an oscillator and also as a mixer. With this arrangement, great operational sensitivity and reliability can be achieved and yet the module can be constructed in a simple and inexpensive manner as a conveniently small and compact device. In one embodiment the module may be in the form of a thin disc having a thickness of, say 0.5 cm, and a diameter which may be as small as about 3 cm. The said module may be connected to signal processing circuitry responsive to the relationship between the transmitted and reflected signals, for example so as to produce an output whenever target movement is detected, or only so as to produce an output when one or more parameters of such movement (range, velocity, direction) are of a predetermined nature or changes in a predetermined manner. Most conveniently, said signal processing circuitry may be provided in the form of a signal processing module separate from the aforesaid generating and receiving module, and, in accordance with one embodiment, the two modules may be up to 100 m away from each other and interconnected by a simple coaxial or twin cable. The signal processing module may be powered by mains supply, or a 12 V d.c. battery or otherwise as appropriate, and such module may also act to supply operating power to the generating and receiving module. The output produced by the signal processing module may be utilized for alarm purposes to actuate a separate remote warning bell or siren or buzzer or the like. Alternatively, if desired, the movement detector of the invention may incorporate an alarm module connected to the said signal processing module and arranged to produce modulated warning tone when actuated by said output. Such alarm module may incorporate a stand-by rechargeable battery. As mentioned above, the detector of the invention may operate in the manner of a simple Doppler detector sensitive only to movement, but preferably the transmitted microwave signal is modulated so that quantitative information as to range, velocity and direction can be obtained, the detector thereby operating in accordance with a diplex configuration. With such diplex configuration, advantageously the requisite information can be obtained with a particularly simple construction. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the diplex, configuration is such that the transmitter is repetitively switched between two frequencies say 3 MHZ apart at X-band to give two discrete spectral lines separated by 3 MHZ . The magnitude of such frequency difference may be decreased with increase in the maximum range to be measured (beyond say 25 m). The reflected signal from a moving target results, after mixing in the Shottky diode, in a reflected signal which is a composite of two Doppler signals sampled sequentially at the modulation rate (say 10 kH Z ). The relative phase of these Doppler signals provides range and velocity sense information, whilst the Doppler beat frequency is proportional to the target velocity relative to the detector. The switching of the transmitter between the two frequencies may be achieved by square-wave modulation of the Shottky diode bias current. With such square-wave modulation particularly simple video circuitry may be used, however sinusoidal modulation may alternatively be used and this allows improved range resolution without reducing the maximum unambiguous range. With regard to the Shottky diode, this may be a conventional barrier injection transit time device formed from a p + np + construction. Alternatively, a specially fabricated ion-implanted device or an `electron` type Shottky diode may be utilized. While the utilization of a Shottky diode constitutes an essential feature of the first aspect of the present invention, it has been found that the utilization of a Gunn diode (i.e. a transfer electron diode) may be advantageous in the context of the present invention in the case where microstrip circuitry of diplex configuration (as described above) is also utilized. Thus, and in accordance with a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a microwave movement detector comprising a microwave generating and receiving module for use in generating a transmitted microwave signal to be intercepted by a moving target and for receiving a reflected microwave signal from such target, in which the said module comprises microstrip circuitry in combination with a Gunn diode arranged to act both as an oscillator and as a mixer, said circuitry being of diplex configuration. Whilst it is anticipated that the present invention will find particular application in the context of an intruder alarm such as a burglar alarm, it is to be understood that the invention is not intended to be restricted to this field of application and the detector of the invention may be utilized for detecting movement of persons or vehicles or any other suitable targets in any suitable environment for any suitable purpose. When utilized as an intruder alarm the said generating and receiving module, due to its possible small size, can be easily and conveniently concealed. Also multiple such modules may be utilized together to enable a large area to be protected. By virtue of the range gate facility, false alarms can be minimized. In the case where the invention is applied to the monitoring of vehicles, a standard Doppler format may be used. Selective monitoring can be achieved by virtue of the direction sense of the detector, and the range gate facility is useful in distinguishing vehicles in a cluttered environment. In the case where the invention is applied to the counting of persons entering or leaving an enclosure, due to the direction sense of the detector it is possible to distinguish between persons entering and leaving. Due to the use of the Shottky diode in diplex mode in microstrip circuitry, and having regard to the fact that the diode acts both as oscillator and mixer, a particularly simple, inexpensive and compact construction results. It is of course to be understood that the invention is not intended to be restricted to the details of the above embodiment which are described by way of example only. 5.3 THE MMD HOW OUR DESIGN WORKS: 3.2.1 All the RF magic is accomplished with Q3 and D1. Q3 is a free running microwave oscillator operating at a frequency of approximately 1.0 GHz. The frequency is determined by the length of the etched strip line and the lead lengths (inductance) of the associated oscillator components. 3.2.2 The microwave RF energy that is developed by the oscillator is radiated in an omni-directional pattern from the antenna. This radiated energy will fill the surrounding area with radio waves. These waves will be reflected back toward the antenna. 3.2.3 Heres where the Doppler Effect comes in. If within that area there is an object that is moving, the waves that are reflected will either be higher in frequency if the object is moving closer or lower if moving away. The MD3 doesnt really care which direction; it is only looking for a frequency difference. 3.2.4 The radiated signal and the redirected signal are mixed at diode D1. The difference in the two frequencies provides the input to U1: C pin 10. This frequency (the difference) is in the range of 10 Hz to 40 Hz. U1: C is the amplifier that feeds the sensitivity potentiometer R8. 3.2.5 Transistors Q1 and Q2 function as a very precise voltage regulator providing the proper bias to the amplifiers. 3.2.6 U1: D functions as a band pass filter and amplifier. Buffer amplifier U1: A provides the drive to output transistor Q4. CHAPTER: 6 INTERFACING TECHNIQUES If we want to extend this project at higher level we are required to interface the MMD circuit output with the extended circuitry with the help of following circuit diagrams. (THESE TECHENQUES HAS NOT BEEN USED IN OUR PROJECT) 6.1 INTERFACING CIRCUITS: The MD-3 output transistor provides a pulse when motion is sensed. Here a probably asked question is, â€Å"How do I make it do something?† We can interface this circuit with many other circuits; a few examples are given below. 6.1.1 Interfacing with the relay can drive another circuit; it may be a light, a camera, an alarm system etc. 6.1.2 The microwave motion detector circuit can be interfaced with a transistor (PNP or NPN).This transistor act as a relay it can also drive some other circuits; it could be a light or any security system or an automatic door opening system. 7.1 CONCLUSION

Christian Beliefs about their Responsibility to the Poor :: essays research papers

There are many reasons that Christians believe that they have a responsibility for the poor. One of these is the teaching and guidance of the Bible. A good Christian should follow the teachings of the Bible and listen to the guidance it offers. The word of the Evangelists and the other books that make it up should have great authority as they reveal the teachings of God through his prophets and his Son. If we are to be Christians then we should follow the way of Jesus. ?Christian? literally means ?Belonging to Christ?. There are many Gospel teaching on how Christians should help alleviate poverty, both locally and on a wider scale. One of the most important of these is the Commandment ?Love thy neighbour as thyself?. Jesus himself stated that it was the most important. ?Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the first and great commandment. And the second is like unto it. Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets."(Matthew 22:37-40). This is important as it emphasises the stance that Christians should have towards their fellow men, one of complete untainted love. If this commandment were to be kept then there would be no need for the rest as in keeping it you would not murder, nor steal or covet your neighbour?s wife. Jesus set an excellent example in both his actions and his words. The parables he used to relate some very important messages about the nature of god. A good example of this is the Parable of the lost sheep. ?See that you do not look down on one of these little ones. For I tell you that their angels in heaven always see the face of my Father in heaven. What do you think? If a man owns a hundred sheep, and one of them wanders away, will he not leave the ninety-nine on the hills and go to look for the one that wandered off?? This implies that Jesus is never willing to give up on anyone who might be saved from hell. No-one is any greater than another in his eyes. As we are all part of God?s creation we are all one family in God. If we ignore the suffering of our Brothers and Sisters then we ignore God.

Market Pricing Essay -- essays research papers fc

Executive Summary Price is said to be the biggest factor in the marketing mix. If the price is not right, then the product will not sell. Consumers feel that they have to get something back, such as an intrinsic value from the products. Pricing is affixed with many different variables such as the flexibility of price, geographic term, discounts and price levels over the product cycle. A marketing manager must also consider what type of pricing objective to use. For this paper, I have made myself the new marketing manager of Foster Farms Poultry Products. Body The objective that I feel is best for this company is profit-orientated. This is because I believe we have established our name in the community and the state. People recognize us as the leader in poultry production. Since the company has remained profitable since the beginning, we strongly believe that all we should focus on now is maintaining the return on our investment. We shall also adhere to the flexible price policy. I say this because the more a store buys, the more they save. If a store buys large quantities, then discounts can be given and this will also increase sales in the store because the stores can charge a bit less for the product. It’s up to the store on how much to markup the poultry. They can charge a dollar a pound or fifty cents per pound. You will also notice that many stores offer the chicken at lower prices when its expiration date is near. This is due to the nature of the product being peri...

Old Joe Case Report

In the spring of 2012, our management group, group 7, was assigned to take over a business as top level management. With the only guideline of creating a drastically more capable and profitable organization within a year, we had a lot of work ahead. The business belonged to Old Joe, an absolute genius engineer who was lacking in business management skills, Fred, a failed engineer with underlying personal issues resulting in counterproductive activity, and Netty, Old Joe’s wife. This division of the business specializes in the creation of medical products, and has customers globally.The backwards situation the business was in cannot be overstated. There was a huge set of order back logs, quality problems, inventory issues, social and culture problems within the company, and several others. With the business in such a dire state, we began our work. Organization Chart Opening Day Q1 * Establish Positions as boss by doing 2 things: * Introduce ourselves to all the current managers * Sending out a warning shot by giving the managers a one hour time frame to try and settle their differences. * This will make it clear to the managers that henceforth there will be no tolerance for social bickering. Begin working on the delinquent backorders worth roughly $16million. By the end of quarter one, at least 70% of the orders will be complete. A lot of overtime is going to be required for this to happen. This will address problem #3. * Fire Yolanda. She is simply terrible. This will address problem #10. * Demand that Bob apply himself better for job related issues. However, knowing that he is going to strive to work against the company goals, the extraction of information from Bob will be the goal. Once this is done, Bob will also be fired, which is roughly after 40 days.Promote a well qualified worker to bobs position * Hire a new Human Resources Manager (HRM) to replace Yolanda. The new HRM, Jenny, will be given 2-3 weeks to settle in, and get to know what the state of the company is, and what is required on his part. * We need to start on the paycheck errors right away. Unfortunately, we don’t believe we have the time to fix the problem all together, but we can reduce the amount of errors. We need to reduce the 3 way to â€Å"punch in† into one single method. We feel that written time cards would be the best way for now. It is quick and can be managed quite easily.We need to have the person fill out their time card which must be legible. If the time card is not legible, then the employee doesn’t get paid for that week until they can prove they worked those hours. The time card must be then signed and reviewed by a supervisor to make sure there are no errors on it. We can then hold the employee and the supervisor accountable for any errors that occur. This can even go through the new HR if problems still occur. This will address problem #15. * We need to have Ed work closely with the new HR that we hired to keep the paychec k errors under control.We are in a position where we need to first minimize the problem, until we have the time and resource to completely fix it. This will address problem #15. * Fred gets put on tight leash right away and given no leeway. His job will be laid out for him step by step and to ensure he is doing his job, we would keep up to date on his problems. Fred will have to answer forecasts directly to us and he will not be allowed on the production floor. That way he won’t be down yelling at people and he’ll be more focused on his job. Fred is high in the company and should know how to do his job even though he is not trained for his position.We will keep tabs on Fred ourselves and give him no leeway. I expect him to be a big part of this company getting back on track and his forecasting will help immensely. This will let him know he’s on thin ice and make him work harder. He should know how to make a sales forecast so we will push him for better work for now but he will be terminated if he does not shape up. This will address problem #24. * With Bob gone, issues will eventually be solved. Have Ed put aside issues with Harry for working purposes. With bob fired the problems between Ed and Harry will lessen.We need to call them into office together and talk to them face to face. Tell them each that work is work and differences need to be settled. Let them talk out whatever problems they have right then and there because when they leave our office it will be settled. With them working together more efficiently, quality checks will occur and the right products will be made and be made right. – This will address problem #1. * Ed will also start to documenting processes on how to make products in a detailed step by step fashion as they are needed by company.We want to limit the steps of a process to as simple as 20 steps or under. * All manuals will be step by step detailed processes but easy to follow. Everything will be laid out for laborers. This will address problem #11. * For the labor grievances, we think that after firing Bob and Yolanda, we should select the 10 most pressing grievances from the stack of 450, and tell the Union we will be willing to discuss only those grievances in full. This will address problem #16. * If they do not to budge, continue to press the issue calmly and ask them whether it is not reasonable to do this.Arbitration for those 10 will remain on the table if no median can be reached. This will address problem #16. * Priorities related to the accounts payable and accounts receivable issue: * As we have stated in the outline and using some of the ideas discussed in class we must empower Donna to contact customers and tell them we need to get their invoices and payments into us sooner, preferably in a period of about 30-35 days. This process will occur over all periods until we decrease it until our target time. This will address problem #13. Slow down the account payables rate by several days with better accuracy of the materials and services traced to the specific accounts. This is a continuous process and will be performed throughout all quarters. We will achieve this by having Donna call our suppliers and telling them we will now pay according to normal business schedules. This will address problem #14. * Work on fencing off inventory room, with only one entrance and have personnel in supply room to check everything going in and out. Fix supply room and make it so it is flowing.No dead ends, color coordinate, One entrance, useful products stay lower on shelves and more convenient to get. Products that are not used at much can stay higher up or farther back in stock room. – This will address problem #9. * Harry will be asked to implement some quality measures, Total Quality Management, Quality at the Source, implementing some better use of preventative costs among other things could be used after he helps to implement and empower the proper workers in the quality department. Value-added measurements should also be implemented in the quality metrics so that waste can be eliminated.Also it is imperative to document all processes throughout the plant. This is a continuous effort, and will not end as long as the company is in business. This will address problem #1. * As for future hires, Harry would be best to implement organized training procedures while the new head of HR grows accustomed to company procedures and requirements.. He will work with the new HR manager to give orientations of what the company is about and what is expected by us, the customers, and the company. Harry will also create metrics for determining what qualities are expected from future employees.This will address problem #1. Metrics Ending Q1 Time by Quarter (x) No. of Grievances (y) Time by Quarter (x) Percentage of Employees Exposed to Orientation (y) Time by Quarter (x) Order Backlog Remaining in Dollar Value in millions (y) Time by Quarter (x) Invento ry Accuracy Percentage (y) Time by Quarter (x) Payroll Errors / week (y) Time by Quarter (x) AP / AR Days (y) Time by Quarter (x) Percentage of Process Documentation (y) Time by Quarter (x) R&D projects incomplete / ongoing from Q1 (y) Organization Chart End Q1 Q2 * By Q2, we as the new bosses need to be the bottleneck for the company.Everything that goes through Howard needs to be prioritized by us until the company gets back up to par with all the back orders and other issues that it’s dealing with. * Howard needs to start documenting all the current information and putting it into a computer system that can be accessed by different department supervisors across the company. This will eliminate any mistakes that could possibly occur with the handwritten process that is currently in place. * Request that Harry and Ivan work together to develop metrics in qualifying suppliers- This will address problem #23. As we have stated in the outline and using some of the ideas discusse d in class, we must empower Donna to contact customers and tell them we need to get their invoices and payments into us sooner, preferably in a period of about 30-35 days. This process will occur over all periods. * Slow down the account payables rate by several days with better accuracy of the materials and services traced to the specific accounts. This is a continuous process and will be performed throughout all quarters. Have Donna call suppliers to slow notify them we are slowing the process in advance. This will address problem #14. Harry should then focus on the supplier metrics with Ivan and develop a scorecard. The scorecard should include total costs of ownership measures-from order to disposal-, delivery time from suppliers, and a more subjective measure of sorts on how integrated the supplier is in the process. Have these systems up and running by the end of quarter 2. This will address problem #1. * Harry will implement some quality measures, Total Quality Management, Qu ality at the Source, implementing some better use of preventative costs among other things could be used after he helps to implement and empower the proper workers in the quality department.Value-added measurements should also be implemented in the quality metrics so that waste can be eliminated. Also it is imperative to document all processes throughout the plant. Instantly and continuous. This will address problem #1. Metrics Ending Q2 Time by Quarter (x) Inventory Accuracy Percentage (y) Time by Quarter (x) Payroll Errors / week (y) Time by Quarter (x) Order Backlog Remaining in Dollar Value in millions (y) Time by Quarter (x) AP / AR Days (y) Time by Quarter (x) R&D projects incomplete / ongoing from Q1 (y) Time by Quarter (x) Percentage of Process Documentation (y)Organization Chart Ending Q2 Q3 * In Q3, train Howard to what the company needs most that way he can have an understanding of what the company needs first which will allow for us to be taken out of the picture, thus e liminating the bottleneck for this department of the company. * Howard needs to set up a communication system such as email for many of the supervisors or managers of the company which will greatly increase communication within the departments. This could have a significant effect on sale and engineering which would lead to new products being developed or at least thought about. Once the errors have been minimized, we can then work with Howard to install a way for the employee to punch in using a computer that can only be accessed by management. With this process in place, there will be no errors with the paychecks, freeing up time for everyone for not having to deal with these problems anymore. * As we have stated in the outline and using some of the ideas discussed in class, we must empower Donna to contact customers and tell them we need to get their invoices and payments into us sooner, preferably in a period of about 30-35 days.This process will occur over all periods. This wil l address problem #13. * Metrics for the company’s performance should be created last, only because we need to wait for the actions to be taken, and should include financial measures including gross profit, value-added measurements on the whole process, cycle counting. This way we can find what process are waste and unnecessary, and perhaps some ROI on the new investments made in R&D to potentially expand product lines and fortify their complementary products. This will address problem #1. * Physical inventory count will start. 3 day weekend, overtime will be handed out to those who come help with the count) * Two people will be hired for cycle counting after the physical inventory count has been completed. Katt and Ivan will be working together, utilizing the cycle counting as a form of checks and balances to ensure that the purchases do not step out of line with the predictions. This will address problem #9. Metrics Ending Q3 Time by Quarter (x) Payroll Errors / week (y) Ti me by Quarter (x) Inventory Accuracy Percentage (y) Time by Quarter (x) AP / AR Days (y) Time by Quarter (x) R&D projects incomplete / ongoing from Q1 (y)Time by Quarter (x) Percentage of Process Documentation (y) Organization Chart Ending Q3 Q4 * At this point, the company should be running fairly smoothly. Majority if not all of the problems would have been solved. The company will focus more on R&D at this point in order to increase profitability in the future. Metrics will play a large role in quality management of both processes and employees. Metrics Ending Q4 Time by Quarter (x) Inventory Accuracy Percentage (y) Time by Quarter (x) AP / AR Days (y) Time by Quarter (x) Percentage of Process Documentation (y) Organization Chart Ending Q4

The Pursuit of Self-Identification

In the novel The Jade Peony, author, Wayson Choy, intelligently writes about two siblings who struggle in the pursuit of self-identification. Their struggles vary as they do not share the same problems during this tough period of their lives. This leads to the debate, whose childhood experiences will affect them more as an adult? Although Jook-Liang had to go through the tough situation of always being under prioritized and always being undermined, her childhood troubles and experiences could never truly be compared with the experiences of Jung Sum.To put it bluntly, Jung Sum’s childhood experiences will affect him more as an adult than Jook-Liang’s experiences would. The reason for this is because, firstly, Jung Sum, as a child, was never truly showered with love, neither was Jook-Liang, but she did not have to suffer the pain of losing her birth parents as Jung Sum did. Also, Jung Sum had to experience the pain of losing a treasured person or pet multiple times, and w hile Jook-Liang did lose a person close to her heart, she only experienced it once.Finally, as both Jook-Liang and Jung Sum struggled with identification, Jung Sum was met with problems while identifying his sexual identity, which was not accepted by any society at that period of time. On the other hand Jook-Liang was only required to identify culturally which would cause problems but eventually allow gain acceptance into at least one society. To start with, Jung Sum never had the privilege of being showered with love during his childhood and even though Jook-Liang was greatly oppressed and unfairly treated by people around her, such as Poh-Poh, she would still ocassionally be loved by those surrounding people.This is evident when Poh-Poh helped Jook-Liang to tie her shoelaces while she was getting ready to dance for Wong Suk (Choy 30). As for Jung Sum, although he was only a child, his birth father would violently abuse him and his mother when he was drunk. The quote â€Å"I waite d for Daddy to get up from the kitchen floor, half-drunk, waited for him to beat me with his belt. † (Choy 96) clearly shows that Jung Sum had to face the unlucky circumstances of child abuse, something Jook-Liang had the privilege of avoiding as her family never resorted to physical abuse.It would be a scarring memory to be violently abused by ones’ own father as a child, a memory that could be carried for a lifetime. This may affect Jung Sum in his latter years as he may recall the abuse of his father and feel dysfunctional. These unresolved issues could cause a severe case of depression in his life. Furthermore, as Jung Sum was adopted into a new family, he immediately felt like an outsider. â€Å"He thought I was too weak to be his brother, a real brother,† (Choy 93) shows that Jung Sum clearly felt marginalized by his new older brother, Kiam.To be adopted into a family full of new and unfamiliar faces and be rebuked immediately by his own â€Å"brother† was a tough situation to be in, especially after losing both his parents. Jook-Liang did not have to go through the process of being adopted into a new family or having to lose her family members prematurely while Jung Sum did. This could possibly go on to affect Jung Sum and make him feel as though he had no one to rely on but himself, possibly causing him to have a lack of trust for other people in the future.Additionally, his childhood experiences may lead him to develop into an adult influenced by those experiences. These unresolved child issues could dwell within him and could cause him to either be more aggressive or more reserved as an adult. He may recall those experiences when dealing with his own children in the future and could possibly treat them the same way his own father treated him or otherwise, might not even attempt to have a close relationship with them.As Jook-Liang did not undergo any extreme circumstances of child abuse, she would probably be less affected a s an adult when compared to Jung Sum. Therefore, Jung Sum has a relatively greater impact on his future life from his adolescent experiences as his experiences produces permanent scars where the problem was not greatly alleviated afterwards. Another problem faced by both of the siblings was with different aspects of identification. Jook-Liang had to struggle with cultural identification while Jung Sum faced problems with sexual identification.Homosexuality is an unaccepted identification which will not be tolerated by any society back in the 1930s, while switching cultural identities will still allow the person to gain acceptance in at least one society. His sexual identity was first suggested in the novel by Poh-Poh as he says that â€Å"Jung Sum is the moon† (Choy 88). Jung Sum then figures out his own sexual identity as it was Frank Yuen that he desired most at that moment during Frank Yuen’s farewell instead of courage (Choy 138) and that â€Å"Frank Yuen is the S un† (Choy 132) while he is the moon.Having to figure out his own sexual identity at such a young age without any guidance was a hard chore as back then love relationships were known to be present only between females and males. In addition, love between the same gender was not only unaccepted in the society, it was greatly rejected. As a result, Jung Sum had to keep his love for the same gender a secret. The inability to reveal his sexual identification would cause him to have the lack of freedom in the pursuit of a preferred life partner.This could affect his happiness as a whole as he is unable to share life experiences in the love aspect of his life as others normally do because of the inability to express his love for his preferred partner. On the other hand, even though Jook-Liang struggled with her cultural identity, no matter which culture she decides to identify with, she would be still accepted, eventually. Jook-Liang’s desire to assimilate into another culture is evidently shown as she looks up to Shirley Temple, an American dancer and actress.Wanting to assimilate into the western culture, she even hoped to see her own reflection in the mirror possessing a westerner’s features, specifically, Shirley Temple’s features (Choy 41). Her struggle comes in as Poh-Poh constantly reminds her of her cultural roots and where she belongs. In the novel, Poh-poh repeatedly tells Jook-Liang that she is not from Canada†¦ and that she is from China (Choy 34). In comparison of their situation as they struggle to identify themselves in the different aspect, Jung Sum is clearly portrayed to have a harder time even in the future.Not being able to be what he really is, his future would be oppressed as he suppresses himself, such that his secret would not be revealed. To put on a mask his entire life and never reveal his sexuality will take a toll on his adult life and he could never truly bring himself to enjoy his life as a whole. Jook-Li ang’s preference of either culture will still allow her to be accepted and although she may not gain the acceptance of one society, she will still gain the acceptance of another, allowing her to lead a normal life.Thirdly, both parties went through the turmoil of losing their loved ones, but Jung Sum had to experience losing many loved ones, losing his mother to violence Frank Yuen to the marines and even his pet turtle, Lao Kwei, to Dai Kew. On the other hand, Jook-Liang only had to experience losing her loved one, Wong Suk, as she never saw him again after he left to go back to China (Choy 71). From when Jung Sum was just a kid, life was tough for him as his father would often abuse him and his mother when he was drunk.His mother was the only one who would protect him from harm from his drunk father as Jung Sum would always be waiting for her to â€Å"tell him to stop†¦[and] twist against the falling belt and take the blows† (Choy 96). Having such a rough childh ood is scarring enough for Jung Sum and yet, he lost his mother at that young age. He went through various foster homes and eventually ended up with the Chen family where he finally found a place called home. In the Chen family, the life for him from the beginning was not exactly hard, as Father and stepmother treated him relatively well.However, he still took time to adapt and at his time with the Chen family, he discovered Lao Kwei and was ecstatic that he could finally own something, having something that he felt that truly belonged to him. Not long after, he lost his beloved turtle as his family decided that it would be okay for Dai Kew to claim back his turtle as he required it for his own personal purposes (Choy 85). Next, when he came to realize that he had a strong attraction to Frank Yuen, it was not long after that he Frank Yuen left him too.As Frank Yuen left to Seattle to join the marines, he left Vancouver and was not expected to return for the next few years (Choy 134) . It is evident that Jung Sum had to experience more pain and suffering than Jook-Liang as he had to repeatedly lose loved ones to different circumstances while Jook-Liang only had to go through that process once. This could cause Jung Sum to gain an insecure mentality that will cause him to always expect the least out of something, possibly causing him to lose hope in many things in the future.Although Jook-Liang may feel sad and depressed about the departure of Wong Suk, she would not have to endure the pain of losing another loved one anytime soon. Coming to a conclusion, both Jook-Liang and Jung Sum had to undergo many challenges and experiences as a child which could affect them as adults. Although Jook-Liang did experience tough trials during her childhood, Jung Sum was a victim of severe turmoil as a child and therefore, his experiences will affect him more as an adult. As a child, Jung Sum never had the opportunity of being showered with love by his own family as Jook-Liang did.Other than that, he also had to experience the pain of losing a loved one or a treasured pet a few times while Jook-Liang only experienced it once. Lastly, his homosexuality was adamantly not accepted by any society in the world at that moment in time while Jook-Liang had to only face the troubles of cultural identification, which still allowed her to be accepted by at least one type of society. All in all, Jung Sum had a tougher childhood experience than Jook-Liang and that would affect his adult life greatly in the future.

Monopoly †economics Essay

In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions: ? Why do monopolies arise? ? Why is MR < P for a monopolist? ? How do monopolies choose their P and Q? ? How do monopolies affect society’s well-being? ? What can the government do about monopolies? ? What is price discrimination? Economics PRINCIPLES OF N. Gregory Mankiw Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich  © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved 1 Introduction ? A monopoly is a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes. Why Monopolies Arise. The main cause of monopolies is barriers to entry – other firms cannot enter the market. Three sources of barriers to entry: 1. A single firm owns a key resource. E. g. , DeBeers owns most of the world’s diamond mines 2. The govt gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce the good. E. g. , patents, copyright laws 2 ? In this chapter, we study monopoly and contrast it with perfect competition. ? The key difference: A monopoly firm has market power, the ability to influence the market price of the product it sells. A competitive firm has no market power. MONOPOLY MONOPOLY 3 Why Monopolies Arise 3. Natural monopoly: a single firm can produce the entire market Q at lower cost than could several firms. Example: 1000 homes need electricity ATC is lower if one firm services all 1000 homes than if two firms each service 500 homes. MONOPOLY Monopoly vs. Competition: Demand Curves In a competitive market, the market demand curve slopes downward. But the demand curve for any individual firm’s product is horizontal at the market price. The firm can increase Q without lowering P, so MR = P for the competitive firm. 4 Cost Electricity ATC slopes downward due to huge FC and small MC ATC 500 1000 Q P A competitive firm’s demand curve $80 $50 D Q 5 MONOPOLY 1 10/23/2012 Monopoly vs. Competition: Demand Curves A monopolist is the only seller, so it faces the market demand curve. To sell a larger Q, the firm must reduce P. Thus, MR ? P. P ACTIVE LEARNING A monopoly’s revenue Common Grounds is the only seller of cappuccinos in town. The table shows the market demand for cappuccinos. Fill in the missing spaces of the table. Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 P $4. 50 4. 00 3. 50 3. 00 2. 50 2. 00 1. 50 7 1 TR AR n. a. MR A monopolist’s demand curve D Q MONOPOLY 6 What is the relation between P and AR? Between P and MR? ACTIVE LEARNING Answers Here, P = AR, same as for a competitive firm. Here, MR < P, whereas MR = P for a competitive firm. Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Common Grounds’ D and MR Curves P TR $0 4 7 9 10 10 9 AR n. a. $4. 00 3. 50 3. 00 2. 50 2. 00 1. 50 8 MR $4 3 2 1 0 –1 Q P MR $4 3 2 1 0 –1 $4. 50 4. 00 3. 50 3. 00 2. 50 2. 00 1. 50 0 $4. 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 4. 00 3. 50 3. 00 2. 50 2. 00 1. 50 P, MR $5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 0 1 2 3 Demand curve (P) MR 4 5 6 7 Q 9 MONOPOLY Understanding the Monopolist’s MR ? Increasing Q has two effects on revenue: ? Output effect: higher output raises revenue ? Price effect: lower price reduces revenue ? To sell a larger Q, the monopolist must reduce the price on all the units it sells. Profit-Maximization ? Like a competitive firm, a monopolist maximizes profit by producing the quantity where MR = MC. ? Once the monopolist identifies this quantity, it sets the highest price consumers are willing to pay for that quantity. ? Hence, MR < P ? MR could even be negative if the price effect exceeds the output effect (e. g. , when Common Grounds increases Q from 5 to 6). 10 ? It finds this price from the D curve. MONOPOLY MONOPOLY 11 2 10/23/2012 Profit-Maximization 1. The profitmaximizing Q is where MR = MC. 2. Find P from the demand curve at this Q. Q Costs and Revenue MC The Monopolist’s Profit Costs and Revenue MC ATC P D MR Quantity As with a competitive firm, the monopolist’s profit equals (P – ATC) x Q P ATC D MR Q Quantity Profit-maximizing output MONOPOLY 12 MONOPOLY 13 A Monopoly Does Not Have an S Curve A competitive firm ? takes P as given ? has a supply curve that shows how its Q depends on P. A monopoly firm ? is a â€Å"price-maker,† not a â€Å"price-taker† ? Q does not depend on P; rather, Q and P are jointly determined by MC, MR, and the demand curve. So there is no supply curve for monopoly. MONOPOLY 14 CASE STUDY: Monopoly vs. Generic Drugs Patents on new drugs give a temporary monopoly to the seller. Price The market for a typical drug PM When the patent expires, PC = MC the market becomes competitive, generics appear. QM D MR Quantity QC MONOPOLY 15 The Welfare Cost of Monopoly ? Recall: In a competitive market equilibrium, P = MC and total surplus is maximized. The Welfare Cost of Monopoly Competitive eq’m: quantity = QC P = MC total surplus is maximized Monopoly eq’m: quantity = QM P > MC deadweight loss Price Deadweight MC loss? In the monopoly eq’m, P > MR = MC ? The value to buyers of an additional unit (P) exceeds the cost of the resources needed to produce that unit (MC). ? The monopoly Q is too low – could increase total surplus with a larger Q. ? Thus, monopoly results in a deadweight loss. P P = MC MC D MR QM QC Quantity MONOPOLY 16 MONOPOLY 17 3 10/23/2012 Price Discrimination ? Discrimination: treating people differently based on some characteristic, e. g. race or gender. Perfect Price Discrimination vs. Single Price Monopoly Here, the monopolist charges the same price (PM) to all buyers. A deadweight loss results. Price Consumer surplus Deadweight loss ? Price discrimination: selling the same good at different prices to different buyers. PM MC ? The characteristic used in price discrimination is willingness to pay (WTP): ? A firm can increase profit by charging a higher price to buyers with higher WTP. Monopoly profit D MR QM MONOPOLY 18 Quantity 19 MONOPOLY Perfect Price Discrimination vs. Single Price Monopoly Here, the monopolist produces the competitive quantity, but charges each buyer his or her WTP. This is called perfect price discrimination. The monopolist captures all CS as profit. But there’s no DWL. MONOPOLY Price Discrimination in the Real World ? In the real world, perfect price discrimination is not possible: ? No firm knows every buyer’s WTP ? Buyers do not announce it to sellers Price Monopoly profit ? So, firms divide customers into groups MC D MR Quantity based on some observable trait that is likely related to WTP, such as age. Q 20 MONOPOLY 21 Examples of Price Discrimination Movie tickets Discounts for seniors, students, and people who can attend during weekday afternoons. They are all more likely to have lower WTP than people who pay full price on Friday night. Airline prices Discounts for Saturday-night stayovers help distinguish business travelers, who usually have higher WTP, from more price-sensitive leisure travelers. MONOPOLY 22 Examples of Price Discrimination Discount coupons People who have time to clip and organize coupons are more likely to have lower income and lower WTP than others. Need-based financial aid Low income families have lower WTP for their children’s college education. Schools price-discriminate by offering need-based aid to low income families. MONOPOLY 23 4 10/23/2012 Examples of Price Discrimination Quantity discounts A buyer’s WTP often declines with additional units, so firms charge less per unit for large quantities than small ones. Example: A movie theater charges $4 for a small popcorn and $5 for a large one that’s twice as big. Public Policy Toward Monopolies ? Increasing competition with antitrust laws ? Ban some anticompetitive practices, allow govt to break up monopolies. ? E. g. , Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), Clayton Act (1914) ? Regulation ? Govt agencies set the monopolist’s price. ? For natural monopolies, MC < ATC at all Q, so marginal cost pricing would result in losses. ? If so, regulators might subsidize the monopolist or set P = ATC for zero economic profit. MONOPOLY 24 MONOPOLY 25 Public Policy Toward Monopolies ? Public ownership ? Example: U. S. Postal Service ? Problem: Public ownership is usually less efficient since no profit motive to minimize costs CONCLUSION: The Prevalence of Monopoly ? Doing nothing ? The foregoing policies all have drawbacks, so the best policy may be no policy. ? In the real world, pure monopoly is rare. ? Yet, many firms have market power, due to: ? selling a unique variety of a product ? having a large market share and few significant competitors ? In many such cases, most of the results from this chapter apply, including: ? markup of price over marginal cost ? deadweight loss MONOPOLY 26 MONOPOLY 27 CHAPTER SUMMARY ? A monopoly firm is the sole seller in its market. Monopolies arise due to barriers to entry, including: government-granted monopolies, the control of a key resource, or economies of scale over the entire range of output. CHAPTER SUMMARY ? Monopoly firms maximize profits by producing the quantity where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. But since marginal revenue is less than price, the monopoly price will be greater than marginal cost, leading to a deadweight loss. ? A monopoly firm faces a downward-sloping demand curve for its product. As a result, it must reduce price to sell a larger quantity, which causes marginal revenue to fall below price. 28 ? Monopoly firms (and others with market power) try to raise their profits by charging higher prices to consumers with higher willingness to pay. This practice is called price discrimination. 29 5 10/23/2012 CHAPTER SUMMARY ? Policymakers may respond by regulating monopolies, using antitrust laws to promote competition, or by taking over the monopoly and running it. Due to problems with each of these options, the best option may be to take no action. 30 6.

Learning Theories of Albert Bendura Research Paper

Learning Theories of Albert Bendura - Research Paper Example Similarly, Bandura held that all sorts of learning cannot be products of reinforcement and held that social and psychological factors are associated with the process of learning. He propagated the theory of social cognitive learning and emphasized on observational learning and modeling. Similarly, Bandura also introduced several other important concepts, including reciprocal determinism, self-efficacy, self-regulation which have been beneficial to the understanding of human learning and subsequent behavior formation. In short, Bandura advocates behavior modeling and observational learning whereby a person observes and then imitates the behavior of people who are around him and whose actions motivate him.  Ã‚   While the behavioralists held that it is the environment that causes one’s behavior, Bandura went a step forward and propagated his reciprocal determinism whereby he argued that â€Å"behavior causes environment† just as environment causes behavior (Boeree 2006). He viewed human personality as an interaction of three factors-â€Å"the environment, behavior, and the person’s psychological processes† and believed that man’s cognitive faculties play a pivotal role in the formation of one’s personality (Boeree 2006). The psychological processes comprise of one’s ability to entertain images in minds and language. Bandura thus believed that learning occurs in the social context and that people learn from one another.  Ã‚   The social learning theory has been considered as Bandura’s major contribution to the field of psychology and learning. The social learning theory blends together cognitive and behavioral frameworks and the theory stresses the importance of observing and modeling on the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. For Engler (2008), Bandura maintains an agentic perspective in his socio-cognitive view of personality.