Gay Marriage Persuasive Essay

When taken at face value, many Americans would not think that forbidding gay couples to marry affects them. What many fail to recognize is that these kinds of discriminatory laws reach out and touch every life in this country. For a nation to intentionally and blatantly tell one group of people that they are not entitled to the same rights and protections as other groups of people sheds a dark shadow on the rest of the nation. If the government can interfere so wholeheartedly into the lives of those it is supposed to serve, then none of us are safe.Very few people actually understand why gay marriage is an issue. The overwhelming trends of â€Å"changing values†, abandoning religion, and the adaptation of new lifestyles have brought this issue to the forefront. So, if everyone is so against gay â€Å"marriage†, the nation needs to extend the rights of marriage to gays, even if it means that it needs to be done under a different title. The Legislative Branch is responsib le for making the laws which govern the country. It is never possible to please all of the people, but fairness is always an option.While the traditionalists and religious majority are claiming that â€Å"Marriage is a holy union between a man and a women with vows taken before god† (â€Å"Same Sex Marriage? â€Å"); the government needs to find a position somewhere in the middle of protecting the traditional marriage, and allowing for equal rights and protections for all of its citizens. When the government stepped in and became a part of â€Å"marriage†, they essentially needed to remove the religious aspects of it in order to adhere to the long standing policy of â€Å"separation of church and state†.This was never done, and because it was never a problem, it has remained a government/religious union that many felt the need to protect because of the religious attachments. Well, it is a problem now. There are hundreds of thousands of American citizens being denied rights and protections because while they are a strong and powerful part of our population, they are still heavily outnumbered by the religious majority seeking to protect the institution of marriage.To see what must be done by the legislature to right the wrongs done by anti-gay legislation, one must understand the history of this battle and the causes for the recent influx of gay marriage supporters. This battle has been raging since the 1970’s when gay individuals first started questioning why they were not allowed to get married. At that time, most reasoned that they (gays) would just go away, that they were just looking to have the wedding, but cared little about actually being married.No one could have guessed that forty years later, the â€Å"gay† population would be doubled in size, the American idea of the â€Å"traditional family† would be drastically changed, the religious majority would be experience a major power shift, and that our supreme c ourt would be hearing these cases on a regular basis. If one were to ask the opponents of gay marriage how we got to where we are today, they would likely respond with some kind of comment regarding the demise of the traditional family, or how integrative teaching has changed the expectations of marriage (Sharp 71).Those with a more liberal view may state that, throughout the years, science has opened the eyes of many to be more understanding of homosexuality and may therefore link it to a better tolerance for progressive ideas towards gay marriage (Bornman 30-33). The increase in the size of the â€Å"gay community† has made this an issue that must be addressed. In the 1970’s when the gay marriage debate began, it was fueled mainly by gay males, and lesbian females only. Since then, the â€Å"gay community† has increased to include gay men, lesbian women, bisexual men and women, and the transgendered community.The additions of these groups to the supporters of gay marriage, has called for a numbers increase of great magnitude. An example of this increase can be shown based on statistical data (still widely viewed as an estimate only) obtained by the Williams Institute at the UCLA school of law; in 2011 there 9 million (3. 5% of the population) that identify as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Transgender. When this number is broken down, it is reported that only 1. 7% of this 3. 5% are identified as gay men or lesbian women (Gates 1). That is less than half of the people.This increase has led to stronger lobbying and more strength in numbers. The legislature cannot simply ignore the needs and wants of 3. 5% of the American population. Another significant cause of this increase in support for gay marriage can only be described in â€Å"the changing times†. (Sharp 71) History has shown that conservative attitudes have changed dramatically throughout the years. Just looking at the basic ways of life for example can attest to the change in a ttitudes. In the 1950’s life was centered around the family.The wife stayed home, cooked, cleaned, and tended to the children. There were various images of the â€Å"perfect housewife† plastered all over the media- a smiling perfectly kept woman waiting at the door wearing an apron and holding a steaming hot turkey on a platter all while kissing her husband as he walks through the door from a hard day’s work. That was the image of the family that was portrayed and lived. Divorce was rare and those leading any lifestyle other than the mainstream norm, were frowned upon and shunned from communities. Obviously this is not the picture of life today.More mothers are working outside of the home. The term â€Å"latchkey kids† is now the norm. Divorce rates are at an all-time high, with single mothers never having been married to their children’s fathers being considered normal. Obviously the American opinion of family and normal has changed, thus changing the opinions of who can be a normal family as well. A very concerning concept is that a vast majority of the groups that are fighting to keep the ban on gay marriage, are traditionalists and religious based groups. (â€Å"Same Sex Marriage?†)As a country founded to escape religious persecution, it is highly concerning that in 2011, the opinions of the religious majority are still governing our nation. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the percentage of the population identifying as â€Å"Christian, Catholic, Baptist, or Protestant† (the four largest religious groups in the nation) has declined from 86% in 1990, to 76% in 2008 (U. S. Census 2011 61). In addition to this, the percentages identifying as â€Å"No religion, Atheist, or Agnostic† increased from 8% in 1990, to 15% in 2008 (U. S. Census 2011 61).It can be speculated that based on the above mentioned â€Å"rule by the religious majority†, that the decline in religious individuals in America, coupled with the rise of those claiming to carry no religious beliefs, has helped the trend of supporters for gay marriage increase. An important fact that needs to be established is that gay marriage is not illegal. Each individual state has the right to create laws to govern their people. Throughout the years as couples attempted to secure marriage licenses that would recognize their same sex partnerships, states began passing statutes that define marriage as a union between man and woman.Some states determined long ago that it was wrong to discriminate and therefore, they should allow gays to be married. (â€Å"National Conference of State Legislatures†) Other states have given the title â€Å"domestic partnership† or â€Å"civil union† to the union between same sex couples. This will allow them to be placed on the same insurance policies and even in some cases file state taxes together, but little other benefits are afforded to these types of unions, and the big question is â€Å"why are these unions allowed but only under a different title? †. This calls to question the obvious. Why are the gays fighting for marriage?Some states recognize it, so they can just go there and get married (or participate in a civil union ceremony) then go home to their states and live their lives. It makes sense in theory but the big problem is that while these states have taken the steps to allow equal protections to all of their citizens, the federal government refuses to recognize these marriages- essentially rendering them invalid. It is because of this, that the solution must lie in the hands of the Federal Government, if they do not make the change, then any change made will be insignificant and superficial at best.In 1993 the Hawaiian Supreme Court ruled that denying marriage to same sex couples was unconstitutional. Uproar spread throughout the country as fear grew that this ruling would open the floodgates allowing gay marriage to be legal everywhere. As a precautionary move, in 1996 President Bill Clinton signed the Defense of Marriage Act into legislation. This put a federal ban on gay marriage, and is really where the battle begins. (â€Å"National Conference of State Legislatures†) In 2009 at the 111th congress, a bill was entered as a proposal to repeal the Defense of Marriage Act.This act was called the Respect for Marriage Act. After some bureaucratic push and pull, in March 2011, this act was signed into legislation- officially ending the government’s long standing ban on state recognized same sex marriage. (â€Å"National Conference of State Legislatures†) While this act does not directly legalize or recognize gay marriage at the federal level, it does take away the only standing legal defense that federal courts were able to use in the many cases waged to allow gay couples to have the same rights as heterosexual couples.It is a move in the right direction for lawmakers to finally end the decades long discrimination of gay individuals and couples. While the apparent causes for the influx in gay marriage support is obvious, those not involved in the battle should understand why it is an issue that needs to be solved. Marriage is not only a union made between two people, but it comes with several rights and â€Å"rewards† that are afforded only to married couples. There is the obvious tax break that is available to those filing â€Å"Married† on their federal income tax returns.The amount of money varies greatly depending on income, but it is a financial break nonetheless. There is also the issue of insurance, both health and life. While most states allow those in â€Å"domestic partnerships† to be placed on each other’s insurance, this is not guaranteed by all states and in all circumstances. This means that a gay couple cannot be on each other’s insurance. There are also issues of parenting and adoption. Each state has a different variety of laws, though some do not allow those not married to become adoptive parents.A very large and concerning issue is that of Social Security Survivor Benefits. If a man or woman works all of their lives and pays into the Social Security system and then dies, the money is left to no one because the Federal Government refuses to accept the legal marriages performed in individual states. (â€Å"Center For American Progress†) According to the Center for American Progress, there is a total of â€Å"1,138 federal statutory provisions classified to the United States Code in which marital status is a factor in determining or receiving benefits, rights, and privileges.† (â€Å"Center For American Progress†)That is a total of 1,138 rights and benefits that require a legal marriage to be considered; which is also a total of 1,138 rights and benefits currently being denied to American citizens. The effects are obviously endless, and the solution should be obvious. To properly come up with a solution to this problem, the government must look at the opinions of the majority, coupled with the rights of the minority and find a happy medium.If the government removed all ties to the term â€Å"marriage†, it would then be enabling the religious majority to continue protecting the â€Å"holy union† they so desperately feel the need to protect. This solution would require very little funding, or extreme measures, rather would just take some tricky new wording of the laws to cast a new shadow of fairness upon the nation. This idea makes plenty of sense when you break it down. In order for any man and women to legally be married, they must go to the clerk of court for their locality, and obtain a marriage license.This marriage license is a legal document signed by an employee of a government agency, therefore making marriage a government institution instead of a religious one. There is no currently no requirement that makes it mandatory to g et married in a church, or by a member of a church, which goes to reason that a couple can be married without their union being religious. So the government must then decide, do we strip the traditionalists and religious groups of their â€Å"holy union† and create an uproar which will no doubt further clog the courts with cases seeking a repeal?Or should we remove our ties to this union and create our own union that is available to all citizens and would therefore afford them all of the protections and benefits of being â€Å"married†. When it is put this way, the answer is obvious. The federal government can rearrange the terminology of the laws in place today and replace all of the use of the term â€Å"marriage† with a new term. It could be â€Å"civil union† for example. This would, in turn, allow all men and women in the United States to enter into this type of union, and be protected by all laws that â€Å"marriage† currently affords to thos e married.The traditionalists and religious individuals that want to desperately protect the â€Å"sanctity of marriage† can still do so without having any infringement on their religious beliefs. They can still participate in marriage ceremonies but instead of picking up a â€Å"marriage license† they would need to also obtain a â€Å"civil union license† in order to have their marriage protected by the government. While this idea may put most of the opposition at bay by allowing them to keep their â€Å"marriage†, others who were not previously opposed to gay marriage might consider it too much of a change.For a country that has been â€Å"getting married† for hundreds of years, it is unreasonable to expect all of the people to suddenly change their way of thinking. To start having â€Å"civil union planners† instead of â€Å"wedding planners†, for example, is just asking too much of the people. The government must then ask the peop le, â€Å"is asking the American people to change their normal ways of thinking to allow for their fellow men and women to be treated fairly under the law really asking too much? † When it is a matter of something being too hard, or too much change; individual rights and freedoms should always come first.Our constitution was drafted in such a way to allow for future leaders to change or amend it as the changing needs of the nation are being met. There was a time when women were not allowed to vote. It had to be a big change for the people to suddenly change everything into such a way that would allow women to vote. There were times when whites were allowed to keep segregated from blacks and to deny blacks the use of public institutions. Laws were written to change these practices as well. People fought and died over the implementation of this new legislation, but it was put in place nonetheless.The government has asked a lot more of the people in regards to changing popular w ays of thinking, and all was done in the name of equality. In 2011 this should be an easy task to accomplish. As stated earlier in this essay, times have changed, views are more liberal. Yes it will be an adjustment, but it will be one that will benefit all people eventually. The ideas as to why gay marriage has now become an issue in the forefront of American politics are endless. The effects of the constant denial of rights to American citizen are obvious and in devastating numbers.There is a plausible solution to the problem that will protect not only the wants, but the needs of several different groups of citizens. The resolution of those against it is so strong, as is that of those that carry favorable beliefs. The government has taken steps- both large and small to afford more protections to more people, but it hasn’t been enough. There needs to be new laws written, ones that can allow for all people to feel as though they are American and deserve American freedom. Stud ies have been done, research compiled, statistics published, and only one answer has been derived. Gay marriage is an issue, and it will not go away.

Impact of Wars on Military Society: The Soldiers and their Families Essay

Wars have been part of human history. What shaped the society that is perceived in this time is a result of conflicts and rivalries that occurred in the past. In almost all places on earth, the scars of war and of battle continue to be seen and commemorated. People are divided in this concept of war. For some, it is a way of life and a means of achieving peace and promoting security in the homeland. For some, it is a conflict of opposing forces where nobody wins, but rather, results into crises and extreme loss of life. Publicists have various definitions on war. According to a book entitled, â€Å"On War† written by General Carl Von Clausewitz, war is simply defined as nothing but a duel between two opposing forces but in an extreme scale. It is a struggle between two sides, whose aim is to apply physical force and compel the opponent to surrender and submit, as well as render him unable to engage in further resistance. It is an act of violence towards another in order to fulfill one’s will (2008). Basically, in war, there is violence. Thus, there is always the possibility of death to even an immense scale. In times of war, a lot of elements are affected such the economy, security, the family, and most importantly, the soldiers themselves. During World War II, there were seemingly immeasurable number of deaths both from the allied forces and the axis powers. The event shook the world and created chaos in various countries around the world. Economies crumbled and government policies were disorganized. In the military society, a large number of soldiers were lost that left their families with trauma to even psychological disorders. This paper discusses these impacts of war on the military society, particularly on the soldiers themselves, as well as their families. Because of the advancement in technology and the increasing lethalness of military weapons, a posing threat emerges for individuals who are deployed in warfare. The environment has become more aggressive. The Effect of War on Soldiers In every war, the most proximate effects are felt by the soldiers. The disorder now called as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder had its roots in World War II. Back then the condition was referred to as battle fatigue. Although cases of the condition were already reported ever since the Civil War, the occurrences were very minimal because of the conflict was waged within the soldiers’ own country. Other than that, the weapons used during that time were not as sophisticated as the weapons in the 21st century. During the First World War, this condition was also evident when the Germans introduced â€Å"gas† warfare. However, it was only during the Second World War that information regarding this condition was widely known (Chermol, 9). During World War II, the most common condition was the mild and non disabling battle fatigue. During initial combat operations, dramatic but transient battle fatigue was eminent. More intense cases were referred to as â€Å"Old Sergeant’s Syndrome† which includes physical and psychological burnout that lasted months after combat (10). For the marines and the aviators, the symptoms of battle fatigue they experienced consisted of increased emotionality, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and exaggerated startled response to sudden movements or noises along with some physical complaints (10). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder became the most common disorder in the military since after its recognition. In a report by the Washington Post dated May 27, 2008, the number of cases for PTSD jumped dramatically to 50 percent in 2007 on US troops. This is because of the military buildup that existed in Iraq and the high level of violence in Afghanistan. According to the report, around 40, 000 troops were already diagnosed with the condition since the year 2003. In a statement, the officials said that there may be more because some military personnel simply refuse to reveal their condition. According to experts, many troops suffer from the symptoms of PTSD, particularly on stress. These include nightmares and flashbacks. They stated that these symptoms can be cured if the treatment is early (Jelinek). PTSD, along with other mental conditions was prevalent in military personnel. In the United States, PTSD was common among military personnel because of longer exposures to combat. In the recent years, as supported by the news article of Washington Post, the number of cases increased because of the increased military activity the country is involved in. The government has been involved in almost all wars since after WWII. Such wars include the Korean War, Vietnam War, the Gulf War, War on Afghanistan, and in Iraq. Soldiers had more combat exposures and some were even sent to two consecutive campaigns. The result is more soldiers deployed in hostile areas and longer combat exposure, increasing the risk of psychological and mental disorders. In an article written by Christine Liddell and Jennifer Kemp in the book â€Å"The Psychological effects of war and violence on children†, they pointed out that the effects of war does not necessarily mean that the soldiers have to be adults. The majority of armed conflicts since the 1970s have happened in the African continent. In most of these conflicts, the effects on children have not yet been documented. The situation in these areas is serious because of the fact that the armed conflict in Africa, children and the youth has found themselves in the front line and participates in the struggle (Leavitt). The only thing that may protect soldiers from experiencing stress leading to psychological disorders while in the front line is hardiness. Paul T. Bartone of the U.  S Military Academy at West Point, New York conducted a study on hardiness being a protection against war-related stress in the army reserve forces. After the Cold War, the number of military personnel has slowly decreased, putting great importance on reserve and National Guard units in the United States. The study explored the personality hardiness as a potential protection among army reserve personnel mobilized for the Persian war. Results of regression analysis showed that hardiness interacted with both combat-related stress and stressful life events. The results suggested that hardiness protects against the negative effects of stress. The study produced a number of implications for military personnel that encounter various types of stress such as battle fatigue and separation from their families (Bartone). On Military Families For every soldier that is deployed in the battle field, there is a family that is separated and also suffers from the effects of war. War results into families without fathers or mothers, husbands or wives. The family that is left behind also suffers certain conditions caused by situations such as separation or death of the soldier in battle. To some families, it leads to cases of divorce and marital conflicts. This section discusses the conditions that families of military personnel are experiencing because of war. Evidence suggesting these problems are provided by the study conducted by Joshua Angrist and John Johnson regarding the effects of work-related absences on families during the Gulf War. They used data from the 1992 Survey of Officers and enlisted personnel. They estimated the divorce rates, spousal employment, and children disability rates caused by the Gulf War. The results of the showed that there were no significant increase in the disability rates in the children of the deployed soldiers. For male soldiers, the deployment of female soldiers resulted to a significant increase in divorce rates and marital dissolutions. This suggests that the deployment of female soldiers causes a strain on marriages (Angrist). In the study, the results also suggested that the husband’s work supply is not affected by the deployment of the wives in war. The extended hours given to soldiers put stress on family relationships and create conflicts between husbands and wives regarding child and house care. These conditions increase the possibility for marital dissolutions that could affect the emotional and psychological well-being of the children. These effects are further supported by the study of Ernest Burgees on the effects of war on the American family. The impact of war upon the family can clearly be observed. These effects are significant in the ongoing process of family life. The observable effects of war include the withdrawal o f men from civilian and entering the military, resulting in to an increase in socially disapproved forms of behaviors. This entrance to the military by the male civilians forces the females to seek employment and enter the industry in order to replace the men that were enlisted in the armed forces. Thus, children begin to be neglected, increasing the number of cases of juvenile delinquency, changes in marriage, divorce, and high birth rates. More serious effects of war on the American family include the increasing trend towards the companionship type of family. It also raised the status of women as a more powerful force that gives support to the family since they engage in industrial jobs that make up for the absence of their husbands. Thus, parents begin to lose their function in the family, especially in their responsibilities towards their children. This resulted to the increase in the number of nursery schools for rearing and tending the needs of children in the preschool age and the extension of government interventions for family security. The family, therefore, experiences a significant shift from being an institution to becoming a companionship type of relationship (Burgees). The number of cases on juvenile delinquency is also one of the impacts of war on military families. In countries such as Canada and England, there has been a 40 to 50 percent increase in the number of youth related violence compared with the pre war years. In the United States, this situation is also manifested in Chicago and in Los Angeles where number of youth crimes have been increasing. This suggests that the effects are caused by the absence of a father, older brother, older sister, or mother figure in the family set up because of their deployment in the military or because of the need to work (344). The family shifts from the institutional to the companionship type because of the increasing number of fathers that are deployed in the military. The companionship type family is more modern since it is a contrast of the institutional, patriarchal type. Family members are no longer subordinates but are now free to engage in self-expression, since this type stresses the interpersonal basis of modern matrimony (347). Even wives of military personnel are exposed to psychological and mental disorders as much as their husbands who are at the front lines. In a study, the effects of combat trauma were investigated. The implications of combat-induced psychopathology were examined. The conditions investigated were wartime combat stress reaction (CSR) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The results showed that in a sample of 205 wives of Israeli combat veterans of the 1982 Lebanon war, both CSR and PTSD were associated with increased psychiatric symptoms manifested. PTSD was found to contribute to the wives’ social impairment in a number of contests such as feelings of loneliness, impaired marital and family relations, which extends to a wider range of their social networks (Solomon, et al. ). Hardships in the Modern Military Society In a report prepared by Kari Huus of MSNBC, the condition of American soldiers were revealed through testimonies given by families and other persons about the extended time of deployment given to enlisted personnel. According to the report, the U.  S military has stretched thin its military personnel after more than four years in Iraq and six years in Afghanistan. During this time, military personnel were repeatedly deployed in the warzone with decreasing dwell times between their postings have reached its toll on the families and loved ones of the personnel. Families are beginning to feel exhausted and stressed because of the separation that has been happening more frequently. Anxiety is also one of the problems experienced by families who are always waiting for phone calls from their loved one. According to one testimony by a wife of a soldier, she experiences fears of the worst kind as she imagines what if the calls would stop. The possibility that this would happen is when someone in the company has been killed and all phone lines are to be cut off until the closest kin to the dead personnel has been notified. The prolonged conflicts involved with the United States has forced it army to repeatedly deploy soldiers in the warzone. According to military experts, this sort of scenario was never intended to reach this level. As a result, soldiers begin to experience hallucinations and different psychological disorders which lead some military personnel to take their own life. The children of military fathers also suffer since they seem to sense a number of changes in their fathers after they have gone home after their deployment (Huus). Conclusions As stated in the previous pages, war is basically a duel between two opposing forces in order to resolve a conflict. The only difference is that war is being done in a massive scale. The consequences of this conflict are manifested in the lives of the members of the military society, particularly on the soldiers and their families. The impact of war on the soldiers consists of psychological and mental difficulties such as battle, fatigue, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder. These conditions tend to endure in their lives even after the war, which can cause disturbances in other aspects of their lives, most especially on their families. As much what the soldiers are suffering, families left behind by soldiers also suffer emotional and psychological difficulties. Marital relationships have the potential to encounter problems and children also suffer from the absence of their father, mother, or older sibling, brought about by war. The studies and other literature in this paper suggest that the introduction of new interventions regarding troop deployment should be sought, as well as securing the emotional and psychological well-being of soldiers and families, while many still question the significance of war on the development of the society.

Benjamin Franklin Gender Roles

The autobiography is based around the age of reason and a time man was thought to be able to be perfected by means of science and invention. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is full of success, however, the male gender prevails much more than the female gender. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin begins In 1706, when Benjamin was born. He was the fifteenth of seventeen children. HIS father, , had intended that Benjamin go to school to become a minister. However, Benjamin showed a great love for reading and writing and soon enough the path to become a minister was abandoned.At age ten, he was soon taken out of school to begin work with his father . This work Included making candles and soap. During this time, Bens father taught him the importance of debate, which would stick with Ben for the rest of his life. Not long after, Benjamin began to work for his brother James, a printer. Ben signed an eight year work contract with his brother. Ben disliked his fathers trade and preferred working for a printer because it allowed him to read and hone his writing skills. This brief history of Bens childhood alone shows the importance of the male gender during the .A female would never have been given a Job at a printing press or put through school in the same way that Benjamin was. HIS success began right when he was born because of his father putting him through school and finding jobs for him. More importantly, his father teaching him the importance of debate is a groundbreaking moment. Benjamin Franklin is known as a political figure and scientist/inventor. Learning the Importance of debate at such a young age clearly served him in great and many ways. Benjamin Franklin spent his teen years practicing his writing. In 1 720,James started a newspaper known as the New England . According to Franklin, this was the second newspaper in America. Franklin worked as a delivery boy and would publish his own writings anonymously. Franklin often disputed politics and books with another bookish lad by the name of John Collins. One of their arguments speaks directly about the female gender during the . A question was once, somehow or other, started between Collins and me, of the propriety of educating the female sex in learning, and their abilities for study. He was of that It was Improper (Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. New York: Bantam Books, 1982, 14. ) Collins shares the same views and mentalities that many men of the shared. At the time, it was was it a waste but Collins specifically states that it is improper. l took to the contrary side, perhaps a little for disputes sake. (Franklin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, 14. ) This statement, made by Benjamin Franklin, is of great importance. He goes against the general population, whether by choice or simply for the sake of argument.When he states that it was perhaps a little for disputes sake, e leaves room for the reader to assume that he was in fact for the education of women. That being said, this doesnt mean he is wishing their success in following the American dream like many women are more than capable of doing today. Nonetheless, the fact that Franklin promotes their educational well-being at all is a big step and is of significance. Benjamin Franklin doesnt mention too much about his own familys success. However, the beginning of The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is written as a letter to his son, William. William did succeed however, quite well in fact. He went on to be the royal governor of New Jersey in 1771. Benjamin wife, Deborah Read, was never mentioned as being a very successful woman. In fact, together, they lost a son who was only four years old at the time. This death is only given a brief mention, most likely in order to not relive the tragedy. Within Franklins family, the male gender prevails. The most significant sign of this is with William Franklins rise to royal governor of New Jersey. However, there is also a great deficit within the male gender of Franklins family.The passing of Franklins second son wows that while the male gender succeeded greatly during the Age of Reason, there was also a great loss as well. The were designed for a male to succeed. From the beginning of the discovery of America, which was done by Columbus and mostly men, the male gender has taken leadership. It has taken nearly five hundred years for females to become as successful as they are today, and yet they still arent equal with men. In conclusion, even if it wasnt by choice, Benjamin Franklin and the male gender in general were much more successful than the female gender during the and the Age of Reason.

Women's Role in the labor movement Research Paper

Women's Role in the labor movement - Research Paper Example The process of collective bargaining is deployed whereby the leaders negotiate either directly with the concerned entity or through an arbitrator to come to common terms of agreement. The history of trade unions dates back to the Industrial Revolution when mass industrialization and exploitation of workers and poor living conditions gave birth to the concept of worker rights (Dumont and Hacourt). The role of women in trade unions has presumed great significance today as the notion of gender equality and anti discrimination lawsuits become rampant. Women have assumed increasingly greater importance in trade union activities particularly in the United States, U.K, Netherlands and Canada (Curtin and Jennifer). The paper discusses the role of women in labor unions both in the United States and in Europe. The Case of U.S.A The history of women’s role in labor unions in the United States dates back to 1765 when â€Å"Daughters of Liberty†, a first of its kind society for prof essional women, was established (Tax). Thereafter, in 1824, women’s rights in the workplace assumed their significance when , in Rhode Island, 102 women workers called a strike, to support their brothers ( who were weavers) in an attempt to protest against the decline in wages and the introduction of long working hours (Anne). In 1825, however, this concept was taken to heights when the first union comprising of women only was formed under the banner of â€Å"The United Tailoresses of New York† (Tax). In 1831, approximately 1600 women of this union called on a strike, demanding a just and fair wage rate (Tax). IN 1845, Sarah Bagley formed â€Å"The Female Labor Reform Association† in protest of the 12-13 hour long work day and gave a call to reduce it to 10 hours along with improvement in sanitation and safety facilities at cotton mills in Massachusetts (Tax). The acceptance of women in labor unions was gaining ground which was marked by the first of its kind in clusion of women and African Americans at a national level, in the leading trade union of that time- Cigar. From here onwards begun the journey of women in labor unions at a nationwide level. In 1869, women shoemakers established a national labor union by the name of â€Å"Daughters of St Crispin† at Massachusetts (Tax). This gave birth to the concept of Equal Opportunity in America, when in 1872, the Congress, for the first time, passed a bill whereby women working at the federal level were given the same pay for the same nature of work as their male counterparts (Tax). The notion of protests by women workers for their rights continued and, in 1881, Black women in the laundry sector hosted the biggest ever strike in history till then. In the same year, over 1800 women workers won the bill whereby women doctors were made mandatory for women patients at mental health clinics (Tax). In 1889, however, the concept of women’s rights at workplace was extended beyond that ref lected by strikes and protests (Tax). Jane Adams established a â€Å"full house† for social welfare of women in order to enhance their personal development and increase the recognition of their efforts in the society. It was in this year that the concept of social entrepreneurship in the context of women truly took shape and set the stage for others to follow suit. The concept of social welfare then extended to other spheres of life in 1898 when Charlotte Perkins Gillman, through power of the ink, conveyed the importance of women to be economically and financially independent (Martens and Mitter). As years passed different modes of expressing women’s rights in the workplace came into shape. For instance, in 1899, National Consumers League was established to steer and empower women consumers to use their power to achieve

Managing communication,knowledge and information Case Study

Managing communication,knowledge and information - Case Study Example Contrarily informal information has no definite format. It is not structured. Telephone calls, notice boards, memos, notes etc. are most common types of informal information. Knowledge can be stated as the useful insight and wisdom which gets developed from the processed information (Bazerman and Chugh, 2006). Knowledge can be essentially of two important types, namely tactic and explicit. Tactic knowledge is found through the companies own vision, experience, practice, values, thinking and perceptions. While on the other hand explicit knowledge is largely found existing in documents and other recorded forms. It is highly formalized and codified. Such knowledge can be recorded in different artifacts, books, records, patents and database etc. The spiral conversation is a model which interlinks socialization, externalization, combination and internalization. The model states that communication moves from being tactic to explicit and vice-versa in a spiral or revolving form. Hence it is understood that for explicit knowledge to exist, the tactic knowledge must be generated. Similarly, tactic knowledge derives out of explicit knowledge. Classic badges can make use of the system by incorporating a systematic conversation technique which transforms tactic into explicit knowledge and the reverse. In case of Classic badges, for making their business successful, timely information from customers in respect of demand is essential. This would require suitable communication channels which would transmit information within less time. Also, suitable information channels must be established with suppliers of materials (Robbins and Judge, 2013). From the procured information, organizations are required to establish rational connections exercising their skills and understanding and formulate knowledge base which guides in taking crucial decisions. In case of Classic Badges, the timely information in respect to demand and

Classic and Non Classic Analysis in Likelife Essay - 7

Classic and Non Classic Analysis in Likelife - Essay Example Classic style is identified by a collection of techniques which are used by the writer rather than the attitude depicted towards writing (Thomas and Turner 8). ‘Likelife’ presents a mixture of classical and non classical forms of writing in literature as the writer uses these styles to explain the events that took place in the 2003 World Taxidermy Championship. It not only depicts the technique but the passion of the writer towards her topic of discussion. Thomas and Turner refer to this aspect as a concept used in classic style. Orlean Susan The uses classic style in ‘Likelife’ as she describes the culture portrayed in taxidermy events. This notion depicts the art of classic writing as the writer tends to know what she is scripting before the actual publication. She describes Taxidermy Championship as a culture that astonishes many people in the world. Susan presents the history of World Taxidermy Championship which portrays the concept of classic writing as it refers to classical events. The World Taxidermy Championship became popular in 1882. It was viewed as a culture of the Society of American Taxidermists. Â   Non classic style is reflected in Orlean’s writing where she presents the transformation of World Taxidermy Championship from being an ordinary cultural event to an economy generating sport (Thomas and Turner 8). This is due to its ability to raise much income annually. Taxidermy is estimated to raise 570million dollars annually. Economic reflection in literature is not a concept used in classic but modern writing as it depicts the influence of pop culture in literature. This form of transition from describing the sport as a traditional cultural practice to an economic event presents the difference between two eras thus depicting the art and role of non classic style as described by Thomas and Turner.

Identification Procedures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Identification Procedures - Essay Example After all, the liberty and in some jurisdictions life of a man are at stake and one wrong ruling can completely re-route the course of a trial. Against that backdrop, there are several types of pretrial identifications employed by law enforcement. With respect to lineups, showups, on-the-scene identifications, and photographic or sketch identification, the requirements of due process must also be met before the prior identification may be admitted. The pretrial identification procedure of course may not be suggestive unless required by the exigencies of the circumstances. However admission into evidence of testimony concerning a suggestive identification not required by the exigencies of the circumstances does not violate due process so long as the identification possesses sufficient aspects of reliability so that there is not a very substantial likelihood of misidentification. Factors to be considered in determining reliability include the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime, the witness' degree of attention, the accuracy of his prior description of the criminal, the level of certainty demonstrated at the confrontation, and the time between the crime and the confrontation. Against these factors is to be weighed the corrupting effect of the suggestive identification itself. ... One type of identification of a prospective defendant, and the least popular, is known as the single show up. Generally, a showup in which a witness views only one suspect has been held to be suggestive. Bratcher v. McCray, 419 F. Supp. 2d 352 (W.D. N.Y. 2006). As a result, this method is generally not preferred. State v. Gibbs, 864 So. 2d 866 (La. Ct. App. 5th Cir. 2003). However, a single man lineup even when requested by the accused has been held to be proper if the procedure is ruled to be reliable and it does not violate due process. U.S. v. McGrath, 89 F. Supp. 2d 569 (E.D. Pa. 2000). A showup may be proper under the following circumstances: where it occurs shortly after the alleged crime1 near the scene of the crime2as the witness' memory is still fresh3, and the suspect has not had time to alter his or her looks or dispose of evidence,4 and the showup may expedite the release of innocent suspects, and enable the police to determine whether to continue searching. State v. Mans field, 343 S.C. 66 (Ct. App. 2000). The jurisdictions are somewhat varied but under some, pretrial showup identification procedures are only permissible under the following circumstances: 1. Where exigent circumstances require it People v. Matthews, 257 A.D.2d 635, 684 N.Y.S.2d 564 (2d Dep't 1999). 2. The suspects are found at or near the crime scene and an immediate viewing may be held. People v. Matthews, 257 A.D.2d 635, 684 N.Y.S.2d 564 (2d Dep't 1999). While some jurisdictions have ruled that exigent circumstances are not required, courts have held that exigent circumstances have not been demonstrated where the suspect was not in direct flight , the witness's life was not in peril and a lineup or photographic lineup were not impracticable. Ex parte

World Culture Term Paper. Islam Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World Culture . Islam - Term Paper Example It will also illustrate how the pillars as a group affect the society positively. The first pillar of Islam is the declaring of faith also known as shahadah. This is where in order for someone to become a Muslim; they must declare that they believe in only one Allah. By doing so, they agree that there is no other real god who deserves to be worshiped. By proclaiming their faith, they agree that only Allah is supposed to be worshiped, and he has neither a son nor a partner. Shahadah is regarded as the most essential pillar of Islam (Hussein 4). However, believers are not only supposed to make the statement but should also believe in what they are declaring. Shahadah helps the society in that, by declaring that one believes in only the true God Allah and his servant Mohamed is accepting to become a Muslim. In order for one to be a faithful Muslim, they must follow all instructions of Allah through the Koran. Since the Koran prohibits social evils which include prostitution, stealing, c orruption and drinking of alcohol among other things, such things will be minimal in the society. For example, health issues such as spread of sexually transmitted infections like HIV/AIDS will not affect the society if each and every person in the society declares their faith in Islam. Issues such corruption among government officials will be minimal hence development of the society both in infrastructure and economy. The second pillar of Islam is known as salat. This is an Islamic prayer which believers are supposed to pray five times every day. This prayer takes only five minutes and is regarded as a direct link to Allah (Hussein 26). The first prayer is known as fajir and is said early in the morning before the sun rises. Zuhr is the second prayer and is usually said at noon. The third prayer is asr and is normally said after noon. The forth and the final prayer s are Maghrib and isha which are said after the sun sets and in the late in the evening respectively. These prayers ar e supposed to be said while both kneeling and bowing which signifies submitting to Allah. Believers should purify themselves by washing their hands before reciting these prayers (Hussein 28). Salat helps the society in that it gives believers comfort, inner peace and happiness. This in turn results in good relations between people in the society as they go about their daily activities. This will affect the society positively because people will interact when they are in good moods hence there will be no confrontations. This will result to people living in harmony and helping each other thus a better society. Prayer also brings blessings from Allah thus resulting to the entire society being blessed. Zakat is the third pillar of Islam in Islam. All believers of Islam are required to give 2.5 percent of their material wealth to the less fortunate in the society. However, giving is not limited to the 2.5 percent. It is based on the fact that all wealth belongs to Allah and is given to p eople to keep it safe (Hussein 42) and since God is the one who provides to the needy, they are just doing God’s work. However, there are five guidelines that should be followed when giving zakat (Hussein 45). First of all someone should proclaim to Allah that they wish to give zakat; it should also be given in time; after giving one should not overstate what they have offered during prayer; if a believer is not in a financial position to give, it is not compulsory they can compensate by doing good things to others; finally, zakat given should be shared among the whole community. Zakat improves the society in that; needy people are taken care of by the society itself. They are given food,

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Summary - Essay Example The difference between these two people lies in the way they perceive social situations. A shy person will do their best to avoid a social situation while exhibiting characteristics associated with inhibition of behavior, which implies that they are poor judges of social situations. On the other hand, an introvert does not prefer engaging in social situations since they consider such situations socially taxing. The society identifies introverts as people who appear problematic and are at a high propensity of suffering depression, or even HIV. Consequently, the society tends to associate introversion with negative aspects that discount the benefits of introversion, and especially in the workplace and other important spheres of life. Importantly, this societal norm fails to identify the importance of the cautious aspect that introverts highly exhibit. The aspect of being cautious helps introverts become better leaders than extroverts since they make better decisions as they are better listeners than extroverts. Walsh identifies the character of being an introvert as one that is inherent by either being inborn or inherited. In effect, introverts fake things that help them fit into the society and become more social than their natural self, which is their introvert-self. To accentuate the point on introversion being inborn, research on four-month old infants identified children who were highly reactive to stimuli as likely to become introverts in future. After following up on these subjects after they grew older, the subjects that the research had identified as highly reactive grew to become introverted teenagers. In this case, high reaction to stimuli is associated with cautiousness, which is a fundamental characteristic of introverts. Despite the society reproaching introverts while young, there are benefits associated with introverts. Unlike extroverts, who the idea of rewards arouses them over the prioritization of risks, introverts prioritize risks associated with a situation in order to make a decision. Hence, most successful businesspeople are introverts since they analyze the risks involved in every situation and make the right decisions since they are mindful of the risks involved. For this reason, Warren Buffet has become the world’s largest investor due to his introverted nature that helps him analyze risks involved before making an investment decision. In matters related to governance, Obama, an introvert, has made better decisions than his predecessors Bush and Clinton (extroverts) since he can analyze a situation and identify potential threats that might risk his career. Hence, Bush went to war in Iraq while Clinton was involved in the Lewinsky scandal, events which put the careers of the two at risk, since they failed to analyze the potential risks involved and made the wrong decisions. Other than the characteristic of being wary of the risks involved, introverts acquire transcendent skills in various fields related to s ports, music, and even in studies and in many other fields and professions. According to a researcher who grouped musicians in various categories, musicians who practiced, most of the time, in solitude exhibited awe-inspiring

Examining the influence of street gangs on juvenile delinquency in Thesis

Examining the influence of street gangs on juvenile delinquency in eastern NC - Thesis Example Currently according to police reports of eastern North Carolina the rate of growth of gangs is estimated to be at 35%. This year alone there are about 14,000 gang members with over 500 gangs. Some individuals have even attempted to carry out research on gang activities (Carlie, 2008). The table below was used by the department of Juvenile justice and delinquency prevention in North Carolina. It shows the level of prevalence of gang activity in North Carolina In his own account, Patrick Radden wanted to understand why the groups seemed to be distributed almost everywhere. He took the initiative of carrying out a research on the migration of gangs and the reason for gangs’ prevalence in some of the states, in the US (Kate, 2012). . He was able to carry out on the research explaining in details how the gangs migrated and spread to most parts of the state (Joyce, 2012). According to his research, he was unable to provide quantitative data, his information is only theoretical, and it proves the desire for further exploration. According to the various research activities carried out there is a problem to the society, as well as to the government. However, this works have helped the society to understand the magnitude and type of challenge it is facing. Conversely, the government has strived to establish the level of prevalence of the gang activities in the society together with its magnitude (Karen, Bullocka and Tilley, 2008). Although there is no much data concerning gang activities, what is available is enough to give all parties concerned i.e. the government and the society of the true picture of what is in the ground. The government has already done much concerning the issue of the gangs as well as the society. However, it is clear that what has been done is not enough and there is the need for more to be done (Harlow, 1983). These

Fe2+ in heme becomes oxidized to Fe3+ Essay Example for Free

Fe2+ in heme becomes oxidized to Fe3+ Essay Consumers associate bright red color with fresh meat and brownish tint to outdated, possibly spoiled meat no matter what the pull date says. Some vendors are treating the cut meat with CO before packaging in plastic wrap for supermarket meat counters. Why would this help sales? CO binds to oxygen binding site and this binding is not readily reversible. Hence Hemoglobin remains in ‘saturated’ form and appears red and fresh. This would definitely enhance sales. CH2OH 5. a. In the figure to the right, what type of bond links the two carbohydrate monomers together? Answer by checking in the spaces(s) provided below. OH Check all that apply; or check none of the above if none of the descriptions apply to the bond shown. _____ glycosidic bond _____ hemiketal bond _____ beta 1-6 linkage _____ester bond ____ ketal bond _____ a furanose bond _____ phosphodiester bond  ¬Ã‚ ¬_____ alpha 1-4 linkage _____ a pyranose bond _____ hemiacetal bond _____ alpha 1-6 linkage _____ none of the above_____ acetal bond _____ beta 1-4 linkage b. Is it possible that the figure shows part of glycogen? YES NO Explain. In your explanation, include at least two types of clues that give you the answer. For full credit, use precise terminology. No more than two sentences -one per clue are needed to answer this question. Glycogen is a polymer of ? -D-glucopyranose. It contains ? (1? 4) linkages and some ? (1? 6) links. 6. You are studying an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction turning substrate S into product P and obeys. Michaelis-Menton kinetics. You are conducting a series of enzyme assays to determine the Vmax of the enzyme: each successive assay uses the same amount of enzyme, but a different concentration of S. a. When the concentration of S is 10% of the Km, you measure a reaction velocity of 1 ? mole P produced per minute. What is the Vmax for the enzyme? Show all your work and include units at all steps. V= Vmax. [S]/KM+[S] V=1 ? mole/min 0. 1Km=S Vmax = V*(Km+[S])/[S] = 1*(Km+0. 1Km)/0. 1Km =1. 1/0. 1Km=0. 11Km The value of Vmax will be 0. 11 times the Michaelis-Menton constant for the given reaction. b. When you add a particular concentration of compound C to the reaction mixture of enzyme and substrate at 1/10 the KM, you find the product is produced at a much lower rate than when compound C is not present. However, if you repeat this experiment with the same concentrations of compound C and enzyme but a very high concentration of substrate, product is produced at about the same rate as the one you calculated in part ‘a’. Based on the evidence presented, compound C must be (please circle all that apply):a zymogen a competitive inhibitor an allosteric activator a non-competitive inhibitor an endergonic compound a transition state analog 7. Answer each question TRUE or FALSE. If you mark it false, provide a complete explanation of what is wrong with it. . a) Enzymes increase the stability of the product of a desired reaction by allowing ionizations, resonance and isomerization not normally available to substrates. ____TRUE ____ FALSE The reason this statement is false is: ionizations, resonance and isomerization increase the instability of the substrate. b) Lowering the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increases the effectiveness with which it delivers oxygen to the tissues, though it may decrease the amount of oxygen acquired in the lungs. ____TRUE ____ FALSE The reason this statement is false is: c) Whether the ? G for a reaction is larger, smaller or the same as ? G’0 depends on the concentrations of the compounds that participate in the reaction. ____TRUE ____ FALSE The reason this statement is false is: d) Enzymes are potent catalysts because they drive reactions to completion while other catalysts drive reactions to equilibrium. ____TRUE____ FALSE. The reason this statement is false is: catalyst lowers the energy barrier to a reaction, increases the fraction of molecules that have enough energy to attain the transition state and hence make the reaction go faster in both directions. e) The hydrolysis of ATP has a large negative ? G’0, nevertheless it is stable in solution due to the ionization of the phosphates. ____TRUE ____ FALSE The reason this statement is false is: f) L-Malate + NAD+ - oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ ? G’0 = +29. 7 kJ/mol The reaction as written may occur in some cells at some concentrations of substrate and product. ____TRUE ____ FALSE The reason this statement is false is: this is a step in the Kreb’s cycle and occurs in all respiring cells. g) Linking the endergonic reaction X -Y to a second, energetically favorably reaction Y-Z will shift the equilibrium constant of the first reaction. ____TRUE ____ FALSE The reason this statement is false is: h) Non-covalent interactions are too weak to influence the three-dimensional structure of macromolecules. ____ TRUE ____ FALSE The reason this statement is false is: Tertiary structure is basedon non-covalent interactions. i) Starch and glycogen are both polymers of ? -D-glucose. ____TRUE ____ FALSE The reason this statement is false is: they are ? -D-glucopyranose polymers. j) Enzymes bind a transition state intermediate such that it cannot be converted back to substrate. ____TRUE ____ FALSE The reason this statement is false is: k) When the reactants and products are all in equal concentrations, no further change in concentration will take place. ____TRUE ____ FALSE The reason this statement is false is: l).The rate of migration of a protein through an SDS-polyacrylamide gel is not influenced by the charge of the protein. ____TRUE. ____ FALSE The reason this statement is false is; m) In general, when ATP hydrolysis is coupled to an energy-requiring reaction, the actual reaction often consists of the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another substrate, rather than the actual hydrolysis of ATP ____TRUE ____ FALSE The reason this statement is false is: 8. Downugo, a marketed drug widely used by diabetics with hypertension, is metabolized by the liver enzyme CYP3A4. Your company is developing an insulin mimetic. You have three promising candidate compounds, all of which are metabolized by CYP3A4. The table below shows the KD of the binding of the molecule to the insulin receptor and the IC50 for each compound as a competitor for Downugo metabolism by CYP3A4. Compound KD for insulin receptor IC50 for CYP3A4 vs Downugo A 10? M 8 mM B 10 nM 50 nM C 5 nM 200 nM Your company has the resources to take only one compound into further development. Based on these results, which is your selection? Explain briefly. A. Very low quantities should be required for binding with insulin receptor, but the IC50 values must also be higher.

Erasmus vs Luther; Discourse on Free

Erasmus vs Luther; Discourse on Free Will Essay The Erasmus-Luther Discourse on Free Will begins with the Diatribe concerning free will, written by Erasmus. Luther then refutes Erasmus Diatribe with The Bondage of the Will. The question being debated is whether man is in control of his own will, or whether everything is preordained by God, thus leaving man without free will. Their diverging philosophies have been interpreted as being the basic difference between Catholic and Protestant positions regarding free will. This debate offers two very conflicting views, although both philosophies were basic principles in their respective religions. Erasmus builds his argument without a solid foundation; like building a house without a foundation, it can easily crumble. Thus, Luther convincingly attacks Erasmus Diatribe. Erasmus holds that man is left with the choice of doing either good or evil. It is mans choice and therefore, free will exists. In the opinion of Erasmus, the freedom of the will in Holy Scriptures is as follows: if on the road to piety, one should continue eagerly to improve; if one has become involved in sin, one should make every effort to extricate oneself, and to solicit the mercy of the Lord. Two conclusions concerning Erasmus beliefs can be drawn from this statement; firstly that man can himself find repentance and secondly that God is infallible, meaning that a person engages in evil acts with his own will. The definition of free will given by Erasmus is the power of the human will whereby man can apply to or turn away from that which leads unto eternal salvation. While addressing the topic of Adam and Eve, Erasmus states, In man, will was so good and so free that even without additional grace it could have remained in a state of innocence, though not without help of grace could it attain the blessedness of eternal life, as the Lord Jesus promised his people. Erasmus, therefore, believes eternal salvation is attainable with the help and mercy of God, but Erasmus also believes that Adam and Eve caused man to have original sin. Erasmus goes on to write, In those without extraordinary grace the reason is darkened, but not extinguished. Probably the same occurs to the power of the will: it is not completely extinct but unproductive of virtuous deeds. In short Erasmus believed that man has free will and therefore is punished or rewarded according to the choices he makes. He backs his argument with many quotes from the scripture but so does Luther, thus the argument shifts, and the sense of scripture is the debate. Luther, who wrote The Bondage of the Will to refute what Erasmus had written in the Diatribe, disagrees; stating that man does not have freedom of the will. In the first few pages, Luther proclaims The Holy Scripture is no skeptic, and what He has written into our hearts are no doubts or opinions, but assertions more certain and more firm that all human experience in life itself. Furthermore, he goes on to say The essence of Christianity which you (Erasmus) describe is without Christ, without the Spirit, and chillier than ice Luther immediately implies that Erasmus has not been saved. Luther abhors those who claim to be self-reformers, once again contradicting Erasmus. You say: Who will reform his life? I answer: Nobody! No man can! God has no time for you self-reformers, for they are all hypocrites. The elect who fear God will be reformed by the Holy Spirit. Perhaps the quote that best exemplifies Luthers position is as follows: Thus the human will is like the beast of burden. If God rides it, it wills and goes whence God wills; as the Psalm says, I was a beast of burden before thee (Psalm 72:22) If Satan rides, it wills and goes where Satan wills. Nor may it choose to which rider it will run, nor which it will seek. But the riders themselves contend who shall have and hold it. This philosophy contends that both good and evil are worked by a higher being. Both authors in this work make reference to Judas and his betrayal of Christ. Both parties acknowledge the foreknowledge of God, but Luther proclaims that God willed it. Thus the Protestant faith grew on the principles of predestination and the absolute belief that the scriptures are to be interpreted literally. At no point does Luther ever stray from the central point of his refutation, proving Erasmus wrong by presenting the conclusive evidence needed. Erasmus, on the other hand, never really plants his feet in this argument. Erasmus covers his tracks by changing the terms of the debate throughout his work. For example, Erasmus fails to define the limits within which the reader should think that the will is being acted upon. One can not conclude that Erasmus does not fully believe what he states in his Diatribe, but he admittedly discloses I have always preferred playing the freer field of the muses, than fighting ironclad in close combat. Erasmus proclaims that their debate is in the sense of scripture, yet how can one who defends free will pigeonhole the interpretation of the reader? Luther is much more direct in laying out his arguments and criticizes Erasmus for stating a bare definition without explaining its parts. The debate has very much become a personal matter by the time Luthers discourse commences. There is no mutual agreement whatsoever, thus it is easy to see why the views of Catholics and Protestants were so divergent. Erasmus is clearly trying to convince his readers, most particularly Luther, that free will does indeed exist. Luther continues to stay his course and states that God wills all. Everything is preordained, evil included. Of the assertions, Luther simply states one must delight in assertions to be a Christian at all! While Erasmus seems leery to take a firm stance in his debate, he is changing the circumstances of the debate, which clearly is an attempt to prevent Luther from pinning him down in Luthers The Bondage of the Will. After thoroughly refuting everything Erasmus has stated, Luther proclaims that Erasmus has asserted nothing but made comparisons . Whether there be complete merit in either mans philosophy, Luther has quite convincingly made Erasmus position appear flawed.

The Self Criticism And Reflection Education Essay

The Self Criticism And Reflection Education Essay During the college years, I had multiple hurdles that I have encountered. One of the biggest hurdles was time management and procrastination. Throughout my education, I have always been a procrastinator, even in finishing up this essay. When I go into my assignments, I will always go with good intentions and plan on getting them done early so that I will not have to worry about doing them later. However, life seems to get in the way. I always find something else that needs to be done immediately, while my assignments are not due for a few days. I also find it very difficult to motivate myself if the assignment is not due right away. I have myself convinced that I will do better under pressure. So I always end up putting myself in that situation. Although throughout my education so far this technique has worked, I certainly believe that it will not work through university. In order to change my ways of thinking about assignments and deadlines, I need to set some concrete rules for me to follow. First off, I need to set realistic goals. I often set goals that are very unlikely to get my work done. Therefore, to improve this, I will try to break my assignment into parts and give myself more than enough time to accomplish each task. By doing this, my time will be fully utilized instead of wasted. In co-curricular activities, I realized that I had done little in games and clubs within the university, despite having a number of athletic teams, training personnel as well as other facilities. I was not able to attend any of the activities and even spent most of my time playing games on my personal computer rather than being involved in real athletics. Therefore, I have made strict schedules to allow me attend my favourite games which are football and rugby. I believe sports can season me to be mentally and physically fit. Moreover, physical fitness is important for all, and is also the main core for engineers to go the distance. In life, we are bound to encounter challenges. Thus, by doing sports, I hope they can help me to steel myself in coping with the challenges in life. Furthermore, as most sports involve precision, which is fundamentally linked to engineering, it also helps me to develop the natural traits as an engineer. Through the hurdles, I also realized some of my strength. One of them is that I always get all of my work done. I always make the time and find the will to get them done. This takes a lot of self-discipline, because I could always been distracted with other matters. If I get all of my work done, then surely it will help me in final year examinations. I am also learning all that I am given in order to expand my knowledge and do well on assignments, laboratories and coursework. This will ultimately help me to be more knowledgeable throughout my life. Professional Engineering principles and personal opinions Being a professional engineer, it means that I have to work to enhance the welfare, health and safety whilst paying due regard to the environment and the sustainability of resources. Personally, there are three fundamental principles that I think we, engineers, should hold as guidance in achieving the high ideals of professional life. Firstly, without any doubt, a professional engineer should normalise themselves with integrity and honesty. Professional engineers should adopt the highest standards of professional conduct, openness, fairness and honesty. Therefore, from now, I should start training myself to be alert on the ways in which my works and actions might affect others, and duly respect the rights and reputation of others too. I also need to avoid deceptive acts and take steps to prevent corrupt practices or professional misconduct. Bribery and improper influence should not be in practice too. Other than that, I would weight leadership as one of the most important principle for professional engineers as we should aspire to high standards of leadership in the exploitation and management of technology. Being a professional engineer, it shows that I hold a privileged and trusted position in a society. Therefore, I am expected to demonstrate that as professional engineer, I am seeking to serve wider society and also be sensitive to public concern. Thus, I have to be aware of the issues that engineering and technology raise for society, and also listen to the aspirations and concerns of others. Moreover, I have to actively promote public awareness and understanding of the impact and benefits of engineering achievements. Lastly, I believe professional engineers should be accurate and rigour. We hold a duty which is to ensure that we acquire and use widely and faithfully the knowledge that is relevant to the engineering skills needed in their work in service of others. Therefore, I should always act with care and competence. I have to get my knowledge and skills up to date and also assist the development of engineering knowledge and skills in others. In addition, I should present and review engineering evidence, theory and interpretation honestly, accurately and without bias. As a Professional engineer, I also need to identify and evaluate risks before take any actions. University experiences. University life has taught me to be more self discipline. Back in college, I was assigned with daily homework and teachers will check them on regular basis to ensure that the works given were properly done. However, when I step into university life, I am trusted to complete my assignments without being reminded. I also have to relate what I have learned in class to my readings. Most importantly, I have to keep myself notified the due date of my assignments. Other than that, it teaches me to be more independent thinker. In college, teachers will still check my homework and guide me through different thinking process, whilst in university; I have to develop my own independent thinking. An obvious example is when having a discussion with course mates on certain topics, there will be conflicting views on a single subject. However, in compensation, university provides us with more resources to clarify some disputes. Conclusion Upon finishing this essay, I have learned that time management is the most critical tool towards achieving personal goals not only in education, but also in other aspects of life. I have realized that my overall academic grades, as well as in extracurricular activities, improves with proper time management and the ability to work with strict time schedules. I have also learned a lot of useful insight from this whole module. Some of them have helped me to understand myself better. The questionnaires given during SESM1015 lecture have really helped me to understand about the different learning styles and thus made me realize which style that best fits me. Knowing this information also will help me utilize my strengths and ultimately learn better. To become the cream of the cream, one must always continue to learn and progress. Therefore, I set some expectations on myself for this year. One of the expectations that I have for myself is to continue to complete all of my work because that is the only way that one can truly learn. I am also going to work on feeling more confident about myself and my abilities. I have thoughts and ideas and I want to feel like I need to share them. That is going to be difficult for me since I am an international student, I have always been a quite one, but I will work on it. I am also expecting to be presented with ideas that I have never thought of, so I can learn from them. I want to learn a lot and look back on this year from now and be glad that I took it. Overall, I want to be taught things that I need to know in order to be the best professional engineer that I can be.

Push Technology Essay -- Technology

Five thousand years ago, with the invention of writing, the human species took its first jump towards a technological civilization. The second one came only in the last half of the XV century, with the invention of press, by Gutenberg. The possibility of reproducing thousands of identical copies of the same document has taken to the creation of the first magazines and journals, a revolutionary concept. But this occurred in a slow and grad way: the first scientific journal pressed, for example, was released just in 1665, 200 years after. Although, until today this is the basis of a huge system of divulgation in science and technology, counting more than 300 thousand journals around the world, and that has changed little during the three last centuries. Nowadays, this scenario is about to change radically, with the development of global computer networks, like Internet, mainly after the explosion of the WWW (World Wide Web), that allows for high quality electronic publishing, with texts, images, videos, etc. Together, these two technologies have a revolutionary potential many times superior than the invention of press. WWW is based in an active model of search for information, this is, in traditional Internet navigation, denominated "pull" technology, the user obtains information from different WWW sites, searching for topics of his interest. The huge volume of documents and sites available make the information obtention possible only after a refined search procedure, made with one of the mechanisms existent for this purpose, making the process difficult. Besides that, the continuous growth of available information and the necessity of individually visiting the sites is, slowly, making access infeasible, both from the user's... ...t with the certainty that the information is delivered to the correct user and according do a desired profile. In the near future, the integration of "push" technology with traditional media like television, cinema and radio will be possible, changing radically not only the mass media, but also business and marketing strategies involved. Finally, the use of information technologies based in Artificial Intelligence will be used to improve information filters both in client and server side, in a manner that software robots and other autonomous agents will send the subscriber's computer only news and articles that satisfy highly specific interests criteries. Electronic references PointCast Corporation: http://www.pointcast.com Marimba Corporation: http://www.marimba.com Microsoft Corporation: http://www.microsoft.com Push Council: http://www.aitek.com/PUSH/

Rocketry :: science

Rocketry A rocket is a device that does not need atmospheric oxygen to burn its fuel, since it carries it’s own, either separately or in chemical combination with fuel. Rockets are propelled forward by gas or liquid being expelled backwards. Rockets work on a fundamental law of motion by Sir Isaac Newton that states, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This helps explain how rockets fly on earth and in space. For example, the rocket fuel is exploded in a controlled way so that the exhaust gas or liquid is sent streaming down out the rocket nozzle and causing the rocket to accelerate up. Rockets are usually shaped like an arrow, with long and slender bodies and fins at the bottom. This shape provides stability for flying straight, and with low air resistance for flying fast. The evolution of the rocket has made it an irreplaceable tool in the exploration of space. For centuries, the ancient Chinese has used rockets for ceremonial and warfare purposes. The Chinese were the first known people to use and make rockets. Wernher Von Braun made a big advancement in rocketry during WWII when he built a rocket that was powered by ethyl alcohol and liquid oxygen. The rocket was called either A-4 or V2, and had a range of about 220 miles (350km), and a maximum height of about 162 miles (100km). This rocket was the main reason that the United States and Russia started the space exploration war. A solid propellant rockets posses more advanced fuels, designs, and functions than the early rockets, as does the Liquid fueled. Yet solid propellant rockets remain in wide spread use today, as seen in rockets including the Space Shuttle dual booster engines and the Delta series booster stages. A solid propellant is a monopropellant fuel, which is a single mixture of several chemicals. This fuel is in its solid state and has a pre-formed or molded shape. The interior shape of the core is an important factor in determining a rocket's performance. Solid fueled rockets are relatively simple rockets. This is their chief advantage, but it also has its drawbacks. Once a solid rocket is ignited it will use up all of its fuel and cannot be shut off. Another disadvantage is the danger involved in the premixed fuels of monopropellant rockets. The Saturn V moon rocket used nearly 8 million pounds of thrust requiring a high specific impulse liquid propellant.

The Lie of the Land :: Haydn Middleton The Lie of the Land Essays

The Lie of the Land This is a list of explications--things a North American reader might need to know in order to make most sense out of Haydn Middleton's The Lie of the Land. I re-read the novel and made a list of unclear references or ambiguous words or terms. I included the page number and a short explanation of the context; I then proffered each word with the definition I was able to find! Before delving into my textual explications, let me add a short "preface" first. As I re-read Middleton's novel, I found myself intensely interested in the cultural differences between North Americans and the English from (you guessed it...) England. My fascination with the inexplicable difference, yet explicable intertwining of our two cultures is probably provoked by a book I'm reading for another class, Cultural Misunderstandings by Raymonde Carroll, a French anthropologist. Carroll has extensively studied the differences between Americans and Europeans, mainly French. She gave an interesting analysis concerning Americans and our way of conducting or cultivating relationships. Well, I was reading the novel again, and if you caught it, Rachel offers Alasdair an invitation to dinner. This might not strike you as significant at all, but hold on--note that here in the United States, we will frequently end a conversation with, "Call me!" or "Let's get together, sometime, okay? I'll cal l you sometime!" These advances are never realized, of course, but are merely conversation climaxers. Rachel says to Alasdair, "Look . . . you should come round some time with Maggie. We'd love to see you . . . " (25). A couple of chapters later, the dinner scene is a very significant addition to the story, hmm? Carroll made the comment that Americans portray themselves as superficial and flighty with their many unrealized invitations. Europeans, on the other hand, tend to extend invitations and set the date in the proceeding avenue of discourse. Details. Dr. Gilgun taught my Fiction class last semester, and we learned that details develop ordestroy the story. Details divorce me from the story or seduce me, leaving me wondering where reality ends and the surreal begins. Details characterize the culture behind the author, the culture in and within where delight is reached, found, discovered and eventually shared. But anyway . . . enough of diversion! TEXTUAL EXPLICATIONS--please feign acquiescence, and pretend that this list is complete and can stand alone; there were so many more textual nuances that I wanted to include! Hmm .

Aspen Tech case study Essay

History and Overview †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Specialized in the development of simulation software for customer in process manufacturing industries †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Advanced System for Process Engineering (ASPEN) project conducted at the Massachusetts Intitutes of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge Massachusetts, from 1976 to 1981 †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Founded in 1981 by Dr. Larry Evans, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Larry Evans†leadership in the development and application of integrated systems for modeling, simulation and optimization of industrial chemical process History and Overview †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ In 1982 its first year of operations, AspenTech lost USD565,000 on sales of USD182,000 †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Over next 13 years AspenTech’s sales grew rapidly as it became a major payer in the process simulation segment of the software industry. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ 1995 company earned net income $5.4 million on sales $57.5 million. AspenTech estimated that it commanded 50% of the simulation market for chemical sector. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ 1995, it employed 417 people of which 265 ware based in the US and the remainder in office in 5 countries. History and Overview †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ AspenTech went public in USDD31 million IPO which included a USD 18 Million primary offering and USD 13 Million secondary offering : –†¯ to finance further R&D –†¯ to acquire externally developed technologies –†¯ to allow early investors to monetize their holdings in the company, †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Feb1995, Aspentech conducted a $23 million public offering, which included a USD 1 million primary offering and USD 22 million secondary offering. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ 1995, AspenTech was the only one of the firms that specialized in simulation programs for chemical petroleum, and petrochemicals industries that was publicly traded. Products (versi makalah) †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Aspen Plus Aspen Plus is the most popular product a steady state modeling system built around the core technology This product accounted 48% of sales in 1995 †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Speed UP It was AspenTech’s dynamic process modeling product commercialized in 1986 by Prosys Tecknology that AspenTech purchased in 1991 †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Max It is a less powerful version of Aspen Plus †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Advent A software to optimize the tradeoff between capital expenditures for energy saving heat exchangers and the energy saving realized   Product Portfolio (versi makalah) †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Properties PLUS It is a database of chemicals properties underlying its other products, popular with customers ~ developed in-house modeling software †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Other modules –†¯ offers to the customers ~ license separately –†¯ use with its other products to model subsystems used in highly specialized chemicals processing application. Product Portfolio (versi web) †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Process Engineering – – – – – – – – Process simulation Chemicals (10 products : AspenPlus) Process simulation Oil&Gas (8 products : AspenHYSYS) Process simulation Refining (11 products : Aspenadsim+) Process simulation Batch/Pharma (8 products :Aspenproperties) Model Deployment (3 products : AspenModelrunner) Equipment modeling (8 products :AspenAcol+) Basic Engineering (2 products :AspenKbase) Economic Evaluation (3 products : Aspn Icarus Project Manager) †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Advance Process Control (14 products : Aspen Apollo, Aspen IQ) †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Planning & Scheduling (10 products : Aspen Advisor, Aspen MBO) †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Supply & Distribution (3 products : Aspen Retail) †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Production Management & Execution (16 products : Aspen 0server) Sales & Marketing †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯1995, licensed to more than 450 companies ~ chemical industry and 350 univerities †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯The selling cycle for process modelling software was long (6-12 months) †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯AspenTech charged a premium over competitors products, raise licensing fees three times (1998-1995)~10% †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Customer loyalty –†¯ Over 90% renewed their software –†¯ 1994 : 34% revenue from software renewal; 34% from expansion from existing customer †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯United States : –†¯ Directs sales force –†¯ Earned combination of salary & commission †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Sales subsidiaries : UK, Japan, HongKong, Brussels –†¯ Serve local & regional markets via directs sales forces †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Licensed software for a non-cancelable term ~ 3 or 5 years †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Charge : –†¯ annual fee x license term (year) –†¯ Interest rate 9.5% – 11% currently 12% †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Customer were more likely to buy software priced in local currency Risk Exposure 1.†¯ Foreign Exchange Risk – – – – sell software in local currencies  installment from three-to-five years creates foreign exchange exposure exchange rate fluctuations 52% revenue generated from foreign company with following revenues figures: †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Europe 31% †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Asia 12% †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Other countries 9% †¢Ã‚  In United State 48%. Risk exposure are might be applicable :Transaction Exposure (High) most the costumer operated outside of US Translation Exposure (Low) convert foreign currency financial statements into a single currency (USD). Risk Exposure 2. Interest Rate Risk (low) –†¯ AspenTech debt using US dollar currency fix interest rate and mid term (3years) –†¯ place a seasonal line-of-credit facility with a New England Bank Risk Exposure 3.†¯Credit Risk –†¯Ã‚  Credit risk (default risk) in high exposure level 2 sources probability trigger this risk: growing rapidly customer choose to defer payment of their license over the life of the contract Ex: AspenTech was liable for $ 4,6 million of this amount under limited recourse agreement Unwilling (Low) most of the customers are a loyal customer Unable (High) depend on the type of business of customer Liquidity Risk many of its customers chose to defer payment of their licenses over the life of the contract the company usually experienced an operating cash shortfall Ex: the firm booked revenue of USD57.5 million, yet receive cash payments directly from customers of only $38.5 million (66.96%). Management Risk Perform by AspenTech Foreign Exchange Risk eliminated all sales transaction exposure arising from foreign currency denominated license contract inline with its risk management policy by doing hedging : –†¯ Sale non USD installment receivable for USD –†¯ forward currency agreement Credit Risk –†¯ AspenTech has not managed the risk of the uncollectible installment –†¯ The contract with GE and Sanwa in selling the account receivable has limited recourse agreement   Liquidity Risk –†¯ To manage its liquidity risk in order to cover their day to day operation, AspenTech sell its receivable to GE and Sanwa and other financial institution. –†¯AspenTech also has debt to Massachusetts Capital Resources –†¯ placed a seasonal line of credit facility with New England bank. Recommendation AspenTech’s should reexamine the firm risk management policies and practices in light of the changes : –†¯ over the past year AspenTech’s international sales had remained a substantial portion of its revenues –†¯ the firm international expenses had increase a slightly faster rate than its international revenue –†¯ AspenTech had gone from private company into a publicly traded company AspenTech’s should review and determine an acceptable level of risk. It involves determining reasonable level of risk in-line with appropriate opportunity to gain Recommendation Net Foreign Exchange Exposure (Operational Hedging) AspenTech’s Value at Risk, 1995 (95% confidence level) UK Pound German DM Belgian Franc Japanese Yen Expenses in local currency 3,129 722 158,223 414,793 Monthly Std. Deviation 2.90% 2.80% 2.70% 3.00% Exchange Rate* 1.5873 0.6711 0.0326 0.0106 Total *Average exchange rate (U.S. dollar per unit of foreign currency) over fiscal year 1995 VaR $238 22 230 218 $707 AspenTech’s Net Foreign Exchange Exposure (‘000) by Currency, 1995 Cash Inflows UK Pound German DM Belgian Franc Japanese Yen Current Sales 1,724 1,015 308,984 Prior Sales 981 577 175,781 Cash Outflows Expenses 3,129 722 158,223 414,793 AspenTech should hedge only the net exposure †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Net foreign exchange exposure in German and Japan †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Forward contract for Belgian’s operating expense Net Exposure (424) 870 (158,223) 69,972 Recommendation Liquidity & Credit Risk –†¯ AspenTech should look other possibility to deal with other financial institution to increase their bargaining position to GE and Sanwa With higher bargaining position, AspenTech can get lower cost and better position in managing their credit risk –†¯ Maximize in selling long term receivable first Recommendation Others Hedging Instrument : –†¯ Plain-Vanilla Options give the buyer of the option the right but not the obligation to buy (call) or sell (put) a specific amount of currency at a predetermined strike price (exchange rate High cost –†¯ Average-Rate Options †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Spot rate are calculated as an average over a period †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Transaction possible during the expiry period at several predetermined dates †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Strike rate can be fixed or floating –†¯ Knock-in/knock-out Options †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Does not provide full protection †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The key is in determining the barrier rate †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Low cost –†¯ Cross-currency transactions –†¯ Foreign currency money-market borrowing Recommendation †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Others Hedging Instrument : –†¯ Cross-currency transactions †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ transaction basically does not provide ability to hedge or secure any risk †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ provide probability of arbitrage if there is a difference between cross rate and indirect rate. –†¯ Foreign currency money-market borrowing †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Borrowing in the money market, rather difficult to use since the company need to determine level of debt that matched with its cash inflow from other matched currency

Prophet Muhammad as Role Model for Religious Teachers

position ESSAY PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH) AS A ROLE MODEL FOR RELIGIOUS TEACHERS seer Muhammad (PBUH) is the example par excellence for his ummah, specially for ghostlike teachers with his ripe(p) example and statuesque personality. His carriage in all cases is the behavior that is non contrary with the Quran, in accompaniment his behavior reflects the contents of the Quran such as his patient, sincere and forgiving character. In education, illusionist Muhammad (PBUH) has provided many lessons especially for religious teachers which mountain be applied on students.Firstly, as religious teachers we must always be patient as was d hotshot by seer Muhammad when he was performing prayers and Uqbah lay in Abi Muit threw waste on him where he did not get angry instead He continued His prayer. Therefore, abide the students behaviour in whatever manner they are. Secondly, teaching unfeignedly is very important for religious teachers in which we should not look forward to for any rewards, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said, Verily Allah will not accept charity unless the charity is exercised in good faith and done solely to revel Allah. Even Prophet Muhammad did not hope for any material rewards when delivering knowledge.Lastly, we must emulate the forgiving character of Prophet Muhammad where He was tested by a Jewish woman who tried to poison Him and He forgave her instead of having a grudge against the her. So as religious teachers, we have to discharge our students for whatever mistakes they make to guide them to research Allahs pleasure and Grace. In conclusion, religious education would be pointless if the teachers themselves post badly. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) exemplary conduct is the one and only to emulate to help us perform our duties as religious teachers efficaciously in order to get Allahs Blessings. (281 words)

Leadership Analysis Based on Shackleton

I. Introduction Sir Ernest atomic number 1 Shackleton, a British explore, was innate(p) in Kilkee, County Kild are, Ireland on February 15th, 1874. His family moved to capital of the United Kingdom when he was 10 years old. At the hop on of 16, he dropped come out of the closet from school to join the Merchant Marines, the youngest age to join the serv crackpot at eon. In 1898, Shackleton became a qualified master and a sub-lieutenant in the olympian Naval Reserve in 1901. Yearning for happen and fame, in 1901 he applied for a post in Robert Falcon Scotts Discoery expedition to the Antarctic.Unfortunately, in 1904, he was sent back home oerdue to his health problem. With the strong desire of adventure and reputation, Shackleton revise his failure by re molding to Antarctica as a drawing card of Nimrod Expedition in 1907. His purposes were to explore the Ross leadge Ice and the south magnetic pole. The tour was a success with his discoin truth of Beard much than(prenomina l) Glacier on the Antarctic plateau on January 09, 1909. On his get alongback, Shackleton received m slightly(prenominal) honors and awards for the happy expedition. Wikipedia) The real journey of Shackleton began on August 1st, 1914 whither he went along with his 27 pack members, leftover London for South Georgia in the purpose to peg the trans-Antarctic expedition the ship was c entirelyed The resolution. On twenty-fourth February, 1915, the selection got stuck in the trumpery park, crushed by the ice and was fin exclusivelyy sunk under(a) the ice in the alike(p)(p) year on twenty- for the first time November. Regardless to the shortage of foods, supplies, no communication equipments, irrefut open the unbear up to(p) cold winter, Shackleton and his bunch never gave up hope.On May 19th 1916, Shackleton and his deuce otherwise work partys Worsley and Crean traverse South Georgia in make up care of the whaling move on the east-coast. They went on root for 36 h ours over the Glacier Mountains and at culture arrived at Stromness whaling station. All the 27 men were amazingly able to return in good spirit after(prenominal) al close to devil years they were stranded in the Antarctic. (Timeline) After humanity War I in 1921, Shackleton returned to the Antarctic and led a nonher expedition with John Quiller Rowett to examine Enderby Land. However, Shackleton died from angina pectoris on January 5, 1922.Followed by the request from his wife, Emily Mary Dorman, Shackleton was bury at Grytviken, South Georgia, leaving 3 children at the time of his death. (Encyclopedia) This report verbalizes various concepts related to Ernest Shackletons attractions flare in the success skill of the expedition including the traits, sorts, the contingency and what it takes to make Shackleton be induce much(prenominal)(prenominal) a owing(p) leader. II. The Concepts * Chapter 1 What does it believes to be a leader? The concept of being a leader has be en carried through times. With a open(a) leader comes great success.As this is wizard of m either theories studied by many aspects, ranging from history, philosophy and the scientific perspective of approach. in that location are several distinctive measures that we fecal matter map to define the complexity of leaders. Often confusing, people instantly who are non extensively furnish with the experience may misunderstand the differences between being a manager and a leader. In the case of Ernest Shackleton and his expertness he demonstrated, we give the gate say that he is a great leader with essential managers skill set that had made him who he is know for forthwith.If we are to look at Ernest Shackletons journey similarly to an organization, with r apieceing the North terminal as the companys main intention, we can try and evaluate his performance base on how removed the goal has been completed. Shackleton was a great leader in such(prenominal) ways that he crea ted a induce image two for himself and his caboodles. This comes from main his fretfulness and jazz for adventure that has thrived his goals both(a) his life. While being such a leader, he is withal a capable manager. A vision alone did not patron Shackleton in reaching his goal.Through being prepared and equipped with great experiences that he devised from his earlier transit, he was able to realistically planned out steps by steps what he expected to attain. Of course, these plans would not come in concert effectively if not for Shackletons leaders skills. Back in the days, leading was defined as heroism, where leaders before being considered as one had to possessed all the knowledge, skill sets and abilities to overcome any obstacles. While being such the case, the way in which Shackleton demonstrated his leadership skill were not unaccompanied received to this theory.While being a genuinely cute role ensample, he also possessed numerous traits, unconstipated those that are relevant to assembly linees leaders we can ascend today. To promptly put it, his successes are all thanks to the spare-time activity traits that he has reflected * Out of all the possible traits he exhi eccentric personed, the virtually important was inarguably the readiness for him to remain optimistic under any component and the self-confidence that he always express. This certainly affect the productivity of his cabal and his success. He was open-minded to opportunities and the passion to go forthingly learn new skills relative to achieving his vision. being able to draw out the big mental image and actually do something about it has helped him reached his desire. * He was extremely motivated. This comes from his unmovable passion for adventure that he innately possessed. * He was observant of his crew members. Being able to keep close attention to the needs and wants of the individuals has helped him to attain the strength and weaknesses that he can workout to his advantage.From these picture take aims of views, all these traits are necessary components of qualification a great leadership, and it has become the keys to many booming leadership stories in the business worlds that exist today. * Chapter 2 Traits, behavior and relativeship As mentioned above in the prior section, Ernest Shackleton had a variety of leadership traits that define his pilot to the North Pole. He was, many considered self-confidence, motivated, optimistic as comfortably as being a leader with a great drive compute to mold his crews/employees. He was considered a great image, a true hero in his own time.However, deal any leaders, he isnt perfect. His success came with the price of lives from his crew members. Although his vision was accepted by many like him, he had made lasts that lead to the disastrous detail that would had plausibly otherwise, created another turn of event. But un precariousnessedly, his leadership had proven its wonder u nder extreme check off. He was passionate and considerate to his crew, that to certain extend, some might say he was a bit of a dare devil to risk his entire ship to bet against the intense condition that are unlikely to be anticipated.The life and time of Ernest Shackleton is perchance one of many well known cases and a great example of the bossy leadership look in conjunction with traits that belong to the democratic class. The fashion that Shackleton adopted was mainly due to several reasons that had proved to be more effective. During the voyage, Shackleton relies upon his personal judgments and close inadvertence to guide the crew members through the harsh penalisation of mother nature.Having closely worked together with the crew mate, in which most of them looked up to Shackleton as a deferent leader with a burning passion that multifariousnessled their owns, the crew members were able to scram a champion of trust and heroism in his figure. Since he and the crew members hold always been together directly under his influence and command, a soul of synchronization, rather than personal identity was needed in order for things to flow fluently passim his trip. This is especially true during those times where his ship, the Endurance got struck and stranded on ice.It was during this time that his autocratic personal manner really shines. Put under the dower of such hardship and craziness, one could possibly go insane from fear, hunger, and desperation. It was crucial that each members of the party followed orders and did not revolt against their own allow. Shackletons leadership modality helped the entire crew to stay affirmative and motivated, and insisted on drawing out the survival factors in each member not to give up their lives so substantially. For Ernest Shackleton, there was a time pressure and a needed for regulation within the root.Not only that his sense of business, able to put his people first when he turned back after a lmost making it to the destination when one of his crew condition became grim was important, his world power to think straight in these lout times had proved Shackleton to become a great example under the explanation of leadership. In relation to the previous point, we can conclude that Shackletons leadership style is another representation of the consideration style since he cared about his mens emotions and synthetic rubber rather than his own success.According to the voyage, his crew enjoyed three bounteous moon meals for the celebration of Leap Year Day and he also organized other fun activities for his crew such as dog racing, despite all the ruthless weather that were almost close to cleanup them e preciseday. When the Endurance got wrecked into the sea, instead of being all hopeless and upset, Shackleton told his crew that they are tone ending home. This infamous quote marked his true spirit and show that he was one of the greatest leader of all. By reassuring the cr ew through focusing on the needs and desire that they currently uphold, he lightened up the hopes for his crew that they can o through this hooligan office staff together, in which they did at the end. From business point of view, Shackleton applied an Employee Centered Style throughout the hearty expedition. He led his crew (employees) in positive ways and cared about his pursual both physically and emotionally. He considered himself as one of the follows, as a part of the company, not just by life history himself a leader and only know how to publish decision or order others to get the work done. This can be summarize through the definition of lead by example leadership style.When the passing game got tough, the needs for harmonization and fusion of each members will is very important for survival. Ernest Shackleton, while trying his trump to individualize his leadership according to each subordinate, was more foc utilize on trying to lead everyone towards the same path . Through the application of heroism, Shackleton was able to guide the crew and motivate them by targeting the respect and mutual tone of voice that the crews already feel toward him. This accentuated the spirits of all the members, consolidative all their needs and centralized it as a whole.The turbulence that his group had to go through could had left a devastating effects, instead, they became stronger and stronger as each obstacles were overcome with joy and hope that Shackelton, with his leadership style represent. frequently had lurchs since Shackleton became a living legend, but the principal and theory, as well as practical principle still remained the same. The business world that we live in today has much to apply. Leaders today need to suit to changes, being able to quickly think on their feet and remain charismatic to the subordinates are the key agent to creating a great leader.As mints are adapting more changes and re coordinate down to a heterachy aim, we se e a more decentralized structure in which employees are back up with power. But the needs for centralized authority remained the same under emergency, and that leads us to the next section of this report. * Chapter 3 Contingency approaches to leadership One may weigh that perhaps Ernest Shackleton and what he had to go through had cause the way that his business style he adopted. In relation to the Fiedlers Contingency Model, we start by examining Shackletons decision in relation to the circumstance that befell him.This model allows us a mode of valuation for both the leadership styles and the organization topographic point, under two criteria, which are task and relationship. Shackleton had demonstrated a waxy style of leadership in numerous cases. He was not afraid to change and adjust his tactical manoeuvre to achieve his goals. This is especially true during the highlight of his voyage sailing on the Endurance. The Antarctica weather was harsh and unforgiving, move a t oll on Ernest to outperform the condition to survive. His goal upon setting sail was to set foot on the icy North Pole, but was afterward changed to endure the coldness and to get out of here alive.Such a drastic change in the state of affairs asked for great demand in Shackleton to judge the situation as the lives of his crews are placed in his hands. A shift from a task-orientated style to a more relationship-orientated style challenged him mentally. As the result, he was able to complete his task of getting his crews out alive. Based on the three key elements of the situation, since he was able to develop such mutually agreement among the group and himself. They actually admire and had confidence in their leaders. Thus, this leads to a unification of the group towards achieving the goal.The task structure that Shackletons crew had to undergo was of immense difficulties. The unpredictable outcome caused the group to have a low task structure to enhance flexibility. Therefore, the responsibility that Shackleton had to shoulder was huge. This lead to the last element of set power. Since the group was striked with an unexpected turn of event, it was up to Shackleton to steer the crew back to following the objective, which he had done magnificently thorugh need and hike as a leader. The Hersey and Blanchards Situational Theory can also be used to explain the leadership style of Ernest Shackleton.Since Shackletons crew were very well equipped mentally due to their leaders constant demand and the method that led them, together with the low task structure, Shackleton need to employed the participating strategy, followed up with the Delegating strategy. At first when the Endurance was out of hope to be recovered, his crews were no doubt feeling desperate about the situation. But with Shackletons igh spirit, they were able to pick up from scratch. In other words, they were able but unwilling when faced with such a disastrous situation. They need guidance and irection as the objective of the voyage had completely changed. Shackleton had done so very effectively in inspiring the will to live, through his famous quote Were going home. As the situation progress, Shackleton was able to slow earn more trust and confidence in his crew, this slowly move the relationship behavior carriage down to the lower end, toward the Delegating strategy area. During his search out for Elephant Island, he had to make a decision to leave the crew behind as to find a way to contact the mainland and signal for help, he delegated Thomas Crean, his second-in-command crew to take charge after he was gone.This could not be done without a high level of trust and high level of abilities to achieve such task. It was remarkably assuring to the ministration of crew that when he announced he would come back for them, which he did. ( Find more instruction about the other 2 thoeries ) The Path-goal theories also raise to analyze the leadership style of Shackleton in a very definite way. According to the definition, Path-goal theory full dependable on the leaders responsibility to lead and motivate in order to achieve organizational goal.The journey that Shackleton had to travel was filled with adversity. At first, he was determined to reach the North Pole as this is the set objective, and he communicated this objective very well to his groups of followers. This in return affected the kind of motivation that the crews expected from the voyage. During that time, the glory and fame of being the first few men to set foot on the Artic ice was indeed very attractive, especially for the gallant souls like Shackleton and his crews who were seeking intrinsic respects as the mean to strive for the objective.Shackleton was a employ man, his passion not only reminded himself of the goal every day, but it was also the fuel that ignited the dedication of his crew members. He kept the rewards clear as they moved along, even when the Endurance crashed. Sh ackleton still managed to quickly adapt to the situation and influence his police squad through the change of reward, which was now to safely escape his hazard. This theory explained how he was able to keep the motivation of his employee high throughout the voyage even when there was a change of goal, especially when the change was so drastic.Ernest Shackletons leadership style is also applicable to the explanation of the vroom Jago Contingency Model. Similarly to some of the models and theories above, this theory specify the participative leadership degree and how it correlates with the results and accountability of the decision. At time when Shackleton first commenced the journey, he gathered groups of attuned people based on character as well as competence. He knew very well the danger and how the strength, both physically and mentally of his crews had to face. The selection process picked out crew members with a positive attitude.This helped Shackletons leadership style to tak e effects in the most successful way. He had also develop a strong sense of loyalty and trust towards his crew members. This significantly proved to be the decisive factor as the Endurance got stranded on ice when it really shined. To an extent during the voyage, his participation was at the allay degree as he understood the ability of each individuals well enough to let them take charge while presenting ideas and experience on sufficient terms. When the Endurance sunk, he became more delegating as the group faced extreme adversity, while retentiveness them motivated.One can interpret and use different model to define Ernest Shackletons leadership style. Based on the diagnostic questions, he was actively involved in the preparation process before they set sailed, exhibit high level of participation and consideration as the expedition was many adventures dream at that time. By sharing the vision, he was able to collect the most suitable group of people. Because the importance of c ommitment was very high, Shackleton would personally interview each member he chose for a mutual agreement on the objective of the journey.Since Shackleton had been on past trips to the North Pole, he used the experience to persuade people and forming a reliable trust conformity. This helped to increase the likelihood of commitment of his followers out of respect for passion and knowledge. Shackleton implied the motivation theories very well as he was able to impel the sailors of the goal that he wanted to achieve, turning it into the goals of the group as a whole. This increase in restrain for the goal helped them to overcome challenges together later on.Last but not least, his team was not only dedicated but high trained for such an expedition. Shackleton was able to trust them and delegate tasks effectively. Based on the style of leadership that Shackleton represent, we can use the Path finishing Theory to best explain his style, as motivation towards the same goal as a team w as the critical factor. His team was put to the test in such a condition that will easily drained the lives out of anyone, but with high motivation and a clear goal that unified them, he successfully pulled through and survive the weather that everbody deemed impossible.Without the corporation of each members, perhaps he could not have made it and that is why this theory is best indicate to explain his leadership style. Chapter 4 The leaders as an individual Throughout his lives on the expeditions, we have seen how great a leader he was through the team members that he motivated, but how about concerning Ernest Shackleton as a leader in his own definition? Chapter 4 1. Big five personality that ES had * extroversion * Conscientiousness * Emotional stability * Agreeableness 2. I would say ES had an internal Locus of Control.He was self-motivated and was likely to influence others. 3. ES was authoritarian. He relied on position power. 4. Shackletons End Values were to lead an fear less life, explore the trans-Antarctic. His Instrumental Values were being trusty to his crew, being honest, being helpful. 5. I think ES was a Theory Y Leader. He set his crew and understood what his followers wanted or needed so that they have the strengths to keep fight throughout the hardship they had. Notes * When he died, Shackleton left debts of ? 0,000, over ? 700,000 in todays terms. That money, however, came from people who could afford it. Works Cited Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004. Encyclopedia. com. 2 Jun. 2012 . Shackleton Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2 June 2012. Web. 02 Jun. 2012. ( I dont think we should use Wikipedia as a reliable source ) Nova Online Shackletons Voyage of Endurance.Feb 2002 Web. 02 Jun 2012. http//personnel. ky. gov/nr/rdonlyres/6c98ae12-6df1-4476-acd3-ff1c9b2770f4/0/someshackletonleadershiplessons. pdf http//leadership. wharton. upenn. edu/l_change/Interviews/Shackleton. pdf http//www. nytimes. com/2011/12/25/business/leadership-lessons-from-the-shackleton-expedition. html? pagewanted=all http//artofmanliness. com/2011/08/02/leadership-lessons-from-ernest-shackleton/